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Anodic pulsing during electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction has been shown to enhance activity and selectivity towards hydrocarbons and alcohols on copper yet the nature of the active sites remains unclear. Here, correlated spectro-microscopy in a quasi in situ experimental set-up provides information on the formation of specific facets and oxidation states under reactive conditions.

The authors previously developed a mouse model ABab-A2 transduced with complete human TCR gene loci and HLA-A*02:01, termed ABab-A2 mice. Here the authors introduce a complete HLA-I haplotype into ABab-A2 mice and make the ABab-I mice, which manifest higher peripheral CD8 counts, broader TCR repertoire and stronger epitope response compared to ABab-A2 mice.

Phosphorus (P) limitation is pervasive in tropical forests. Here the authors analyse the dependence of photosynthesis on leaf N and P in tropical forests, and show that incorporating leaf P constraints in a terrestrial biosphere model enhances its predictive power.

Here, the authors created a virtual reality task for monkeys and mice to explore if internal states like attention are similar across species. Their facial expressions during the task were similar, suggesting facial expressions reflect shared internal states.

R2 retrotransposons are natural RNA guided gene insertion systems. Here, Edmonds et al. characterize the structure and biochemistry of an avian R2 and engineer a compact, all-RNA system to integrate DNA in mammalian cells, aiding the development of future retrotransposon-based gene editors.

Through lawsuits, grant tracking, whistle-blowing and more, resistance to the US war on science is growing.

High-resolution satellite observations reveal that large lakes on the Tibetan Plateau have total nitric oxide emissions comparable to anthropogenic emissions from individual megacities worldwide.

DREDge is a software tool for motion correction of high-density electrophysiology recordings. It can handle action potential or local field potential data and is demonstrated on a variety of acute or chronic recordings from humans, nonhuman primates and mice.

Recovery of ancient Mycobacterium lepromatosis genomes in 4,000-year-old human remains from Chile demonstrates that this causal agent of Hansen’s disease has a long history in the Americas, predating the colonial period by millennia.

Humans adapt social and asocial learning to dynamically changing contexts, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, the authors clarify these mechanisms and show that the degree of social and asocial adaptivity predicts individual performance.

Visual threat triggers contrasting freeze and escape defensive responses in two species of deer mice as a result of different activation thresholds downstream of the superior colliculus in the dorsal periaqueductal grey.

The measles virus relies on the intrinsically disordered domain of its nucleoprotein, N_TAIL, to bind the polymerase complex responsible for viral transcription and replication, but the role played by disordered regions away from the binding site is not clearly understood. Here, through a combination of experiments and simulations, the authors show that transient and non-local interactions between disordered regions distant in sequence influence the conformational preferences of the binding sites and the folding and availability of its molecular recognition element, affecting viral replication kinetics.

Activation of an LTR retrotransposon inserted upstream of the Fgf8 gene produces viral-like particles in the mouse developing limb, triggering apoptosis and causing limb malformation. This phenotype can be rescued by mutations in the retrotransposon coding sequence.

In this study, Rödström et al. use cryo-EM to reveal a range of structural features in THIK-1 K⁺ channel and demonstrate how these features define many functional properties of the channel, thus expanding its potential as a drug target.

R-loops formed by RNA hybridization to DNA template strand during transcription influence HIV-1 integration into the CD4⁺ T cell genome. The unwinding of R-loops by splicing helicase Aquarius facilitates integration into speckle-associated domains.

In a large cross-national study, education was linked to better memory and larger brain volumes but not to slower cognitive or brain decline with age, suggesting that the association reflects early-life factors rather than neuroprotective effects in aging.

Current digital hardware struggles with high computational demands in applications such as probabilistic AI. Here, authors present a small-scale thermodynamic computer composed of eight RLC circuits, demonstrating Gaussian sampling and matrix inversion, suggesting potential speed and energy efficiency advantages over digital GPUs.

Meiotic crossovers enhance genetic diversity in sexually reproducing organisms. Here, the authors propose that the higher-order spatial organization of the meiotic chromosomes shapes sexual dimorphism in Arabidopsis thaliana.

The authors describe a sensory circuit involving the medial septum (MS), where MS glutamatergic neurons integrate food odours to prime satiety and regulate nutrient intake.

Clonal or isogenic model organisms allow for controlled replication, but their isolation from natural systems compromises their relevance for ecology and evolution research. However, a substantial number of vertebrate species reproduce clonally in nature and are an underused resource.

Mergers of two hybrid He–C–O white dwarfs can trigger a double detonation and eject a hypervelocity (2,000 km s⁻¹) remnant. This finding provides a possible origin for the fastest white dwarfs and faint, peculiar supernovae.

Mechanical forces at the immunological synapse are believed to influence antigen recognition by the T cell receptor (TCR). Here the authors analyse these forces at single-molecule resolution to show that the ligand-engaged TCR of CD4+ T-cells create a stable environment with only a small fraction of TCR:pMHC complexes experiencing mechanistic forces at any given time during antigen surveillance and upon T-cell activation.

The vertebrate brain forms during embryonic development through mechanical processes that are precisely coordinated in space and time. Here, the authors uncover how extrinsic forces regulate tissue flows and cellular rearrangements to shape the early neural plate during zebrafish gastrulation.

Gkioni et al. show that trametinib, which targets the Ras–Mek–Erk pathway, extends lifespan in male and female mice and that co-treatment with the known geroprotector rapamycin additively extends lifespan and healthspan, reducing inflammation and tumor growth.

Combining sedimentary Pa/Th with ESM simulations allowed quantitative estimates of past AMOC largescale strengths. The AMOC reinvigorated after the last glacial, weakened during meltwater events and reached its stable state after ~6.5 ka BP.

The function of transcription factors is conveyed through intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) containing activation or repression domains, but the lack of quantitative structural ensemble models prevents their mechanistic decoding. Here, the authors use several methods to demonstrate that DNA binding can lead to complex changes in the IDR ensemble and accessibility on the example of the C-terminal IDR of pioneer factor Sox2.

Acquiring biomarkers from blood or sweat is limited by invasiveness or biofouling. Skin gas emissions bypass these issues, offering rich biosignals. Authors present passive sensing strategies capturing water vapor (Sweat rate), CO2, and VOCs, enabling real-time tracking of physiological changes.

Despite high levels of trade, the basic characteristics of the aquatic food trade are largely unknown. Here, the authors present a global seafood trade database showing the increasing globalization of farmed and wild aquatic foods.

Based on bulk DNA time-series sequencing of the surface Arctic Ocean, Calayag et al. show that planktonic viruses are strongly seasonal in abundance and community composition, and are correlated strongly with their prokaryote hosts.

An integrated structural biology approach encompassing solid-state NMR and molecular dynamics simulations was implemented to obtain an atomic view of the ordered polyglutamine core and fuzzy coat of the amyloid-like protein aggregates implicated in Huntington’s disease.

By probing the essentiality of diverse genes encoding mRNA translation factors in different human cell types using CRISPR interference screens, Rodschinka et al. discover that human stem cells critically depend on proteins rescuing stalled or collided ribosomes.

Karpinska, Zhu and colleagues characterize the structure-function relationship of the genome during cellular differentiation and demonstrate a role for enhancer-promoter interactions in gene regulation that is independent of cooperative interactions in chromatin hubs.

It is unclear how cell compartmentalization emerged in prebiotic conditions. Now it is shown that a temperature gradient in a confined space can bring the core components of a cell together.

Rhodamines are privileged fluorescent dyes for labelling intracellular structures in living cells. Here, the authors present a facile protecting-group-free synthesis permitting generation of a wide range of symmetrical and unsymmetrical 4-carboxyrhodamines covering the whole visible spectrum.

Achieving genetic circuits on single DNA molecules could have varied applications. Here, authors observed proteins emerging from single DNA molecules through coupled transcription-translation complexes, and show that nascent proteins lingered on DNA, regulating cascaded reactions on the same DNA and allowing the design of a pulsatile genetic circuit.

Due to their stability, reduction of amides typically requires harsh conditions or strong reductants. Here the authors report a method for amide reduction with molecular hydrogen under mild conditions by use of magnetocatalysis.

Merging ideas from reinforcement learning theory with recent insights into the filtering properties of the dorsal raphe nucleus, a unifying perspective is found explaining why serotonin neurons are activated by both rewards and punishments.

Sleep-inducing neurons in Drosophila rely on Hyperkinetic, the β-subunit of the K_V1 channel Shaker, to monitor sleep need by translating lipid peroxidation events into changes in the oxidation state of a stably bound NADPH cofactor.

Circular RNAs offer advantages for mRNA therapies but are challenging to produce. Here, the authors develop a chemical method to generate circular RNAs with internal cap structures, enabling cap-dependent translation, chemical modification, and enhanced stability.

Exploration helps reduce uncertainty in daily life, but the evolutionary roots of adaptive exploration are unclear. Here, the authors show that chimpanzees, like humans, tailor their exploration depending on their environment.

The use of main-group elements in radical cross-coupling reactions has been little explored. Now, a low-valency bismuth complex has been shown to emulate the behaviour of first-row transition metals and undergo single-electron-transfer oxidative addition to redox-active electrophiles, leading to the development of a bismuth-catalysed C–N coupling reaction between amines and carboxylic acids.

Some refractory rocks from the ultra-slow spreading Gakkel ridge (Arctic Ocean) have model ages up to 2 billion years, implying the long-term preservation of refractory domains in the asthenospheric mantle rather than their erasure by mantle convection. It is suggested that the upwelling mantle beneath mid-ocean ridges is highly heterogeneous, which make its composition difficult to be constrained by mid-ocean ridge basalts alone.

Understanding “strange metal" behavior in high-temperature superconductors remains an open problem. Here the authors report a correlation between linear-in-magnetic-field magnetoresistance and linear-in-temperature resistivity in several hole-doped cuprate families and discuss its possible implications for superconductivity.

The arcuate fascicle connection with the middle temporal gyrus has been considered unique to humans. Using high-resolution diffusion MRI, the authors systematically show this connection in chimpanzees, suggesting a gradual evolution of the language network.