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Physical and biogeochemical changes in the Southern Ocean over the past decade are largely due to growing meltwater input and intensifying poleward winds, according to observations from ships and floats and model simulations.

It is unclear how unassembled secretory pathway proteins are discriminated from misfolded ones. Here the authors combine biophysical and cellular experiments to study the folding of heterodimeric interleukin 23 and describe how ER chaperones recognize unassembled proteins and aid their assembly into protein complexes while preventing the premature degradation of unassembled units.

Core fucosylation of N-linked glycoproteins has been linked to physiological and pathological processes. Here, the authors develop a mass spectrometry-based method that utilizes Endo F3 followed by PNGase F treatment to quantify site-specific glycoprotein core fucosylation in protein mixtures.

Projections of Arctic warming have large uncertainties. Here the authors consider ocean heat transport and its contribution to Arctic warming; high-resolution model results show increased Bering Strait transport compared with lower-resolution results, with implications for projected warming rates.

Cells must respond to environmental changes. In three fungal species adapted to different temperatures, cellular responses are conserved yet tuned to each organism’s thermal niche, including the formation of adaptive biomolecular condensates.

Recent toxicological studies have indicated that the poorly characterized high-molecular-weight fraction of disinfection by-products may contribute more to toxicity than the carbon disinfection by-products of current research interest. This Review summarizes what is known about the high-molecular-weight fraction and suggests pathways for future research in this area.

Rab3GAP, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rab18, regulates membrane trafficking and lipid droplet metabolism. The authors elucidated its molecular structure, mapped its potential substrate binding interface, and uncovered that disease-associated mutations likely impair Rab18 binding.

Guided by a structure of VGLUT2 with substrate, Li et al. identify the mechanisms for selective substrate recognition, a role for lipid modification in limiting axonal dispersion and for the cytoplasmic gate in allosteric regulation by lumenal H⁺.

Gao, Nardone et al. report the cryo-EM structure of human TXNL1 bound to the proteasome and reveal interactions required for the stress-induced degradation of TXNL1, an abundant protein that may regulate proteasomal activity.

Calcite has a higher carbon dioxide uptake efficiency and lower cost than dunite, and it is a preferable material for enhanced benthic weathering as a carbon dioxide removal method, according to an analysis that combines laboratory incubation, benthocosm experiment, and numerical box model.

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the preeminent drug delivery vehicle for mRNA therapies, partially due to the ionizable lipid (IL) components that facilitate endosomal escape. Here, authors devise terminally branched ILs that enhance endosome escape, resulting in increased liver and T cell delivery.

The middle of the Gulf of Mexico is stratified and highly oligotrophic, yet there are anomalously high fluxes of sinking particulate matter from the euphotic zone. Here the authors show that lateral advection of organic matter supports nitrogen export in the Gulf of Mexico’s open ocean.

The authors created a multisite database to link microbial methane-cycling networks to CH₄ fluxes across diverse wetlands, revealing differences in microbial cross-feeding and methanogen dynamics that improve predictions of CH₄ flux.

Some bacteria use the muropeptide transporter AmpG for uptake and recycling of cell wall fragments that are released during cell growth and division. Here, Gilmore & Cava show that the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which lacks an AmpG homologue, uses a different type of transporter for the same function, which is essential for normal growth in this organism.

Synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) by Pol I sustains cell growth but is highly energy demanding. Here the authors show that curbing of Pol I activity lowers systemic energy utilization and delays metabolic aging by reducing triglyceride lipolysis and mitochondrial oxygen consumption.

This Review discusses the potential risk posed by engineered and natural nanoparticles on human health and the environment.

Therapy of tuberculosis is challenging, mainly due to complex structures of necrotic granulomas that often impair drug delivery. In this work, the authors show that the drug BTZ-043 fully penetrates necrotic granulomas and has potent lesional antibacterial activity.

DiNardo et al. perform a phase 1b/2 clinical trial of telaglenastat (CB-839) in combination with azacytidine in persons with advanced myelodysplastic syndromes and report on the treatment safety and efficacy, including a definition of clinical responders.

The mechanisms underlying methane production in oxygenated waters of oceans and lakes are unclear. Here, Perez-Coronel and Beman show that aerobic methane production in freshwater incubation experiments is associated with (bacterio)chlorophyll metabolism and photosynthesis, and with Proteobacterial degradation of methylphosphonate.

Ziveri et al find calcifying phytoplankton dominate pelagic CaCO₃ production, but a large portion of this CaCO₃ dissolves in the photic zone - they suggest the processes driving shallow CaCO₃ dissolution are key to understanding the role of planktonic calcifiers in regulating atmospheric CO₂.

Despite high levels of trade, the basic characteristics of the aquatic food trade are largely unknown. Here, the authors present a global seafood trade database showing the increasing globalization of farmed and wild aquatic foods.

Little is known about the reproductive ecology of freshwater eels. In this article, the authors describe the capture of two species of eels together with eggs and newly hatched larvae, and suggest that spawning takes place during the new moon at shallower depths than previously thought.

Analysis of Arctic Ocean sediment core spanning more than 50 million years identifies several key features of Arctic climate history — the revised timing of the earliest Arctic cooling events implied by this record coincides with those from Antarctica, supporting arguments that climate change is symmetric about the Earth's polar regions.

Dense water production in the seas around Antarctica is a key process for century-scale carbon storage, slowing global warming. Results from an advanced new model reveal the prospect of system changes that may greatly reduce the efficiency of this carbon storage by the end of this century.

Synthetic methylotrophic organisms provide potential for valorization of greenhouse gas-derived methanol. Here an Escherichia coli strain is generated that reaches a similar growth rate on methanol to many natural methylotrophs and is capable of producing chemicals from this carbon source.

Antarctic Bottom Water is formed along the fringes of Antarctica and fills much of the abyssal oceans. Data from moored instruments and tagged marine mammals confirm an unexpected site of bottom water formation at Cape Darnley, west of the Amery Ice Shelf.

Hepatic stellate cells regulate hepatocyte functions via R-spondin 3.

Clarke, Hawkinson and colleagues study the contribution of glycogen accumulation in the onset and progression of lung cancer.

Structural studies of tyrocidine synthetase using site-selective crosslinking probes to link condensation domains with carrier protein substrates define key interactions and molecular mechanisms of non-ribosomal protein synthesis.

Motif grammar on nucleosome fibres acts as signpost elements, directing TF combinatorial binding to enhancers.

Low-oxygen regions have expanded over the past half-century.

Cascadia is a mass spectrometry-based de novo sequencing model that uses a transformer architecture to handle data-independent acquisition data and achieves substantially improved performance across a range of instruments and experimental protocols.

Two side-by-side papers report that H3K27me3 deposited by polycomb repressive complex 2 represents an epigenetic barrier that restricts naive human pluripotent cell differentiation into alternative lineages including trophoblasts.

The costimulatory molecule CD40 expressed on B cells has an important role in B cell-mediated immunity but some aspects of CD40-mediated signalling remain unknown. Here the authors show that the ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 is a part of a CD40 signalling complex required for CD40-induced Akt activation.

The P2X₇ receptor is an ATP-gated ion channel that mediates inflammasome activation. Here, authors report the structure of P2X₇ bound to high-affinity agonist, BzATP, providing a framework to develop small molecules applicable to cancer biology.

Climate change is warming freshwater fish thermal habitats. Here, the authors examine daily temperature profiles from 12,688 lakes and thermal habitats of 60 fish species, finding that cold-water fishes are losing preferred thermal habitats at a faster rate than warm-water fishes are gaining them.

The development of highly water-permeable membranes is key for the treatment of high salinity waters. Here the authors enhance the water permeability of a metal-organic framework nanoporous membrane via an intra-crystalline defect engineering strategy.

Phylogenetic data over the past ~150 million years show smaller fish occurred in warmer waters, moved shorter distances at low speed and had low speciation rates. Fish moved faster and evolved quicker under periods of rapid change, with implications for movement and survival under climate change.

Fatty acid profiling and stable isotope analysis reveals selective nutrient incorporation in a common mixotrophic reef-building coral. This selective uptake underscores the potential for underestimation of heterotrophy in corals.

Human proteases TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS11D can be highjacked to mediate cell entry of respiratory viruses. This study examines the biochemical and structural basis of TMPRSS11D auto-activation and substrate specificity, informing peptidomimetic inhibitor development.