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The authors conduct a national inventory on individual tree carbon stocks in Rwanda using aerial imagery and deep learning. Most mapped trees are located in farmlands; new methods allow partitioning to any landscape categories, effective planning and optimization of carbon sequestration and the economic benefits of trees.

Phaeocystales are ecologically significant nanoplankton whose evolutionary history and functional diversity remain incompletely characterized. Here, the authors integrate genomic and transcriptomic data to reveal their lineage diversification, metabolic plasticity, and adaptation to polar and temperate regimes.

Results from the randomized ProfiLER-02 trial, which compared two gene panels in guiding molecular-based treatment in patients with solid tumors, show that a broader gene panel led to more molecular-based recommended therapies compared to a more limited gene panel.

Here authors demonstrate how a 2D hybrid perovskite melts and forms glass, uncovering atomic-scale structural and dynamic evolution across the crystal–liquid–glass transition. Local structural motifs are retained, advancing understanding of amorphous hybrid materials.

Analysis of snRNA genes in individuals with rare disorders identifies de novo and recurrent variants in RNU5B-1 and RNU5A-1, in addition to previously unreported cases with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in RNU4-2.

A species-level phylogenetic analysis of the high-elevation flora of the European Alps reveals that the flora is young and colonist rich. Its assembly was primarily driven by the Pleistocene climatic cycles, rather than ancient orogenic events.

Pathology-oriented multiplexing (PathoPlex) represents a framework for widespread access to multiplexed imaging and computational image analysis of clinical specimens at a relatively high throughput and subcellular resolution.

In this Perspective article, Huwyler, Binz and colleagues discuss the future of long-term normothermic machine perfusion for livers and propose a staged assessment approach for ex situ perfused organs.

Sepsis induces a period of immunosuppression which can be problematic in the face of subsequent infectious challenge. Here the authors show the presence of PD-L1 expressing regulatory plasma cells that can inhibit T cells in a murine model and in patients with sepsis.

Here, the authors look at present day and medieval genome samples from Northern France to piece together demographic history and population structure across Brittany and the Loire basin.

Reduced glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is a hallmark of chronic kidney disease. Here, Pattaro et al. conduct a meta-analysis to discover several new loci associated with variation in eGFR and find that genes associated with eGFR loci often encode proteins potentially related to kidney development.

Invasive Salmonella Typhimurium bloodstream infection causes a significant public health burden in sub-Saharan Africa. Here, the authors analyse whole genome sequences of 1,302 S. Typhimurium isolates from Africa and describe its evolution, geographic spread, and antimicrobial resistance characteristics.

Inventory data from more than 1 million trees across African, Amazonian and Southeast Asian tropical forests suggests that, despite their high diversity, just 1,053 species, representing a consistent ~2.2% of tropical tree species in each region, constitute half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees.

Familial cortical myoclonic tremor with epilepsy (FAME) is a slowly progressing cortical tremor mapping to various genomic loci, including intronic expansions in SAMD12 for FAME1. Here, Florian et al. describe mixed intronic TTTTA/TTTCA expansions of various lengths in the first intron of MARCH6 as a cause of FAME3.

A global network of researchers was formed to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity; this paper reports 13 genome-wide significant loci and potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection.

Analysis of 20 chemical and morphological plant traits at diverse sites across 6 continents shows that the transition from semi-arid to arid zones is associated with an unexpected 88% increase in trait diversity.

In hepatocellular carcinoma driven by non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, aberrant T cell activation and impaired immune surveillance seem to make hepatocellular carcinoma less responsive to anti-PD1 or anti-PDL1 immunotherapy.

Examining drivers of the latitudinal biodiversity gradient in a global database of local tree species richness, the authors show that co-limitation by multiple environmental and anthropogenic factors causes steeper increases in richness with latitude in tropical versus temperate and boreal zones.

Solid organ transplant recipients are at increased risk of infectious disease and have unique molecular pathophysiology. Here the authors use host-microbe profiling to assess SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunity in solid organ transplant recipients, showing enhanced viral abundance, impaired clearance, and increased expression of innate immunity genes.

The most common oxidation state for lanthanide elements is +3, and, beyond cerium, examples of these elements exhibiting higher oxidation states remain scarce. Now, a molecular complex of praseodymium in the +5 oxidation state has been synthesized; this compound exhibits a unique electronic structure driven by N 2p and Pr 4f orbital contributions.

Closely related plant species can have drastically different abundances of transposable elements. Now it is shown that the genome of Arabis alpina has experienced a striking expansion of retrotransposons, probably shaped by reduced DNA methylation.

Sub-metre-resolution satellite imagery is used to identify the presence of nearly 2.8 million baobab trees in the Sahel, with 94% of rural buildings in Senegal having at least one baobab tree in their immediate surroundings. The abundance of baobabs is associated with a higher likelihood of people consuming highly nutritious dark green leafy vegetables.

The advantage of living in cities compared with rural areas with respect to height and BMI in children and adolescents has generally become smaller globally from 1990 to 2020, except in sub-Saharan Africa.

Pierre Guermonprez and colleagues have worked out how a subset of dendritic cells expands in individuals with severe malaria. Plasmodium infection causes an accumulation of xanthine in infected red blood cells. The researchers found that type I interferon triggers an increase in the enzyme that metabolizes xanthine to uric acid. Uric acid then acts on mast cells to release Flt3 ligand, an important regulator of dendritic cells, which in turn stimulate T cells to respond to the infection.

A database and viewer is described, resulting from the assessment of the carbon stock of over 9 billion individual trees in semi-arid sub-Saharan Africa using field data, machine learning, satellite data and high-performance computing.

Here the authors show that sepsis and its resolution alter cancer susceptibility by epigenetically altering resident macrophages resulting in retention of T cells that increase antitumoral immunity.

A region on chromosome 19p13 is associated with the risk of developing ovarian and breast cancer. Here, the authors genotyped SNPs in this region in thousands of breast and ovarian cancer patients and identified SNPs associated with three genes, which were analysed with functional studies.

Improved biomarker-based tools for diagnosis and risk prediction of venous thromboembolism (VTE) are needed. Here, the authors show that Complement Factor H Related 5 protein, a regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation, is a VTE-associated plasma biomarker in 5 independent cohorts.

Controlling the magnetic response of a molecular device is important for spintronic applications. Here the authors report the self-assembly, magnetic coupling, and anisotropy of two transition metal complexes bound to a ferrimagnetic surface, and probe the role of the nature of the transition metal ion.

Lefebvre, Müller et al. present initial clinical findings with a totally implantable cochlear implant, where the components of the audio processor have been integrated into a single implanted device. This device shows similar performance characteristics to a conventional cochlear implant.

To celebrate the first 10 years ofNature Reviews Neuroscience, we invited the authors of the most cited article of each year to look back on the state of their field at the time of publication and the impact their article has had, and to discuss the questions that might be answered in the next 10 years.

The sheep and goat were domesticated ~10,500 years ago in the same region of the Middle-East. Here, Alberto et al compare the genomes of wild Asiatic mouflon and Bezoar ibex with that of domestics from local, traditional and improved breeds and find common targets of selection related to domestication and improvement in sheep and goats.

CLE and CEP peptides regulate rhizobial symbiosis in legumes to balance the benefits of nitrogen fixation with the metabolic costs of nodule production. Here Laffont et al. show that cytokinin and bacterial Nod factors induce Medicago CEP7 which acts antagonistically to CLE13 to fine-tune nodulation.

The tumour microenvironment determines which type of liver cancer develops, with transformed hepatocytes giving rise to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma or hepatocellular carcinoma depending or whether they are surrounded by cells undergoing necroptosis or apoptosis.

Gut microbial metabolism of nutrients contributes to metabolic diseases, and the histidine metabolite imidazole propionate (ImP) is produced by type 2 diabetes (T2D) associated microbiome. Here the authors report that circulating ImP levels are increased in subjects with prediabetes or T2D in three European populations, and this increase associates with altered gut microbiota rather than dietary histidine.

In both focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and crescentic glomerulonephritis (CGN), kidney injury is characterised by the invasion of glomerular tufts by parietal epithelial cells (PECs). Here Lazareth et al. identify the tetraspanin CD9 as a key regulator of PEC migration, and find its upregulation in FSGS and CGN contributes to kidney injury in both diseases.

The state of the Main Marmara Fault (fault segment of the North Anatolian Fault) is widely discussed, towards whether it is creeping or locked. The authors here present seafloor geodetic measurements which indicate a complete locking of the fault in the central part of the Sea of Marmara. This provides significant information for the assessment of both seismic and potential tsunami hazard to Istanbul.

Endogenous viral elements have been extensively described in animals but their significance in plants is less well understood. Here, Geering et al. describe a new group of endogenous pararetroviruses, called florendoviruses, which have colonized the genomes of many important crop species.

Recent analyses have suggested that tree cover in non-forest ecosystems may be much higher than expected. Here, the authors map tree cover down to the individual tree level for the entire continent of Africa and find that almost 30% is found outside areas classified as forests.

The mechanisms that control blood vessel formation are incompletely understood. Sylvain Chemtob and his colleagues now find that blood vessel formation in mouse and rat retinas is controlled by succinate generated during hypoxic and ischemic conditions. Succinate acting through its receptor, GPR91, on retinal ganglion neurons, triggers secretion of canonical proangiogenic factors and the formation of new blood vessels to reinstate adequate tissue supply. This work also identifies GPR91 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ischemic retinopathies.

The number of known high-oxidation-state transuranic compounds remains limited, and these typically feature high coordination numbers and/or multiply-bonded donor atoms. Now, a tetrahedral, pentavalent neptunium complex supported by four monoanionic ligands has been isolated and characterized. This complex is stable in the solid state and undergoes a proton-coupled electron transfer reaction in solution.

Genome assemblies of four filamentous Zygnematophyceae and co-expression network analyses shed light on the evolutionary roots of the mechanism for balancing environmental responses and multicellular growth.