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Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) congregates in clusters called ecDNA hubs that promote intermolecular interactions between gene-regulatory regions and thereby amplify the expression of oncogenes such as MYC in cancer cell lines.

Application of multiplexed RNA in situ mapping techniques to human tissues remains challenging. Here, the authors report DART-FISH, a padlock probe-based technology capable of profiling large numbers of genes in centimetre-sized human tissue sections.

Social living has costs and benefits; here the authors use field studies, experiments and models to show that non-consumptive predation pressure in Trinidadian guppy shoals increases parasite transmission and selects for higher virulence.

Issa et al. show that the ciliary small guanosine triphosphatase Arl3 displaces the inhibitory regulator Shulin/DNAAF9 from the outer dynein arm, leading to motor activation.

A method for modelling time-varying dynamic stability in a natural marine fish community finds that seasonal patterns in community stability are driven by species diversity and interspecific interactions.

X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is crucial for gene regulation, yet the role of small non coding RNAs in this process was unclear. Here, the authors identify miR106a as a key XCI regulator and show its inhibition improves Rett syndrome symptoms in a mouse model.

Pioneer neurons extend their axons to provide a track for follower neurons to follow, whether these neurons differ in other ways has not been clear. Here they show that pioneer and follower neurons are transcriptionally distinct and that RA signaling is required for pioneer axon targeting.

Carbo-Tano and colleagues investigate the mesencephalic locomotor region in larval zebrafish and its role in triggering forward locomotion by activating specific sets of hindbrain V2a reticulospinal neurons.

A study describes the assembly and analysis of a haplotype-resolved pangenome of bulbous barley with the potential to improve domesticated barley and illustrates its use in evolutionary research and trait mapping.

Using in vivo imaging in zebrafish, Li and colleagues found that neuron–oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) synapses regulate OPC development and myelination via Ca²⁺ signaling, elucidating a new role for neuron–glia interactions in shaping the CNS.

Differences in a non-coding enhancer region of the HOXDB locus underlie the differences between stickleback species in dorsal spine length and number. These differences include single-nucleotide polymorphisms, deletions and transposable element insertions.

The high global temperatures of the Eocene and subsequent habitat reconfigurations might have been critical for the rise and retention of the highly productive, high-turnover fish faunas that characterize modern coral reef ecosystems.

Condensates composed of the disordered region of the mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 1 (MED1) are known to partition specific proteins, but whether this specificity arises from ordered-structure-mediated or dynamic multivalent amino acid interactions remains unclear. Here, the authors show that a physics-based model that only accounts for multivalent polymer interactions is able to explain and predict selective partitioning, suggesting that the specificity of condensate composition is underpinned by multivalent interactions in the context of conformational disorder.

In a zebrafish model of human cutaneous and acral melanomas, CRKL amplification causes tumours to favour a fin location, indicating that tumour location is determined by both the driver oncogenes and the pre-existing positional identity gene program.

Here the authors study how interactions with nuclear speckles help localize mRNA in cells. They find that modifications of the proteins in these structures affects their cohesion and can modulate mRNA retention under stress.

FreemoVR is a virtual reality system for freely moving animals. The versatile platform is demonstrated in various experiments with Drosophila, zebrafish, and mice.

The developing heart integrates several progenitor cell types. Here they show that the pericardium enveloping the heart develops among cells that form the mesothelium around inner organs and body cavities, distinct from the classic heart field.

The homeostasis of myelin in the central nervous system is highly regulated, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, the authors show that the FBXW7 protein has a role in constraining myelin growth in the developing and adult central nervous system, preventing the accumulation of myelin abnormalities. FBXW7 acts in part through targeting the MYRF transcription factor for degradation.

Transcription in trypanosomatids, such as Trypanosoma brucei, is predominantly polycistronic and involves unconventional RNA polymerase II promoters. This study uses precision gene editing, site-saturation mutagenesis, and expression assays to demonstrate how modified and promoter-associated histone tails impact these polycistronic expression controls in trypanosomes.

The coordination of pro- and anti-regenerative factors is essential for organ regeneration. The authors show here that proenkephalin-A, secreted by proximal renal tubules in zebrafish, negatively regulates hydrogen peroxide production remodelling H3K4me3 in renal progenitor cells and controlling kidney regeneration strength.

The enzyme ABHD18 is shown to have a key role in cardiolipin metabolism in mitochondria, offering a potential route for a small-molecule treatment of the rare genetic disease Barth syndrome.

Global landings of wild-caught seafood have plateaued in recent years. Analysing trends in global fisheries catches, Watson et al.find that distance between sourcing and consumption has increased steadily since the 1950s, with ocean productivity unlikely to meet current consumption rates by 2100.

Despite fishing-induced biomass depletion on coral reefs, fisheries persist. This study presents a framework to evaluate potential reef fisheries productivity across a major fishing pressure gradient and shows evidence of compensatory ecological responses triggered by fishing on coral reefs.

This Protocol Extension describes Zebrafish targeting of Reactive Electrophiles and oXidants (Z-REX), an extension of a Protocol on the targetable reactive electrophiles and oxidants, adapted for on-demand redox targeting in live zebrafish embryos. The protocol details how to generate transgenic fish and run Z-REX, as well as its downstream validation.

RNA localization plays an important role in transcriptome regulation. The majority of TERT transcripts are detected in the nucleus and TUG1 lncRNAs in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Here, the authors combine single-cell RNA imaging, antisense oligonucleotides and splicing analyses to show that retention of specific introns drives stable compartmentalization of TERT and TUG1 transcripts in the nucleus, and that splicing of TERT retained introns is mitotically regulated.

The neural mechanisms by which the brain initiates self-generated actions are unclear. The authors show, using population imaging and single-cell ablation, that ramp-to-threshold firing dynamics over multiple seconds is critical for the initiation of self-generated eye movements.

Bone marrow adipose tissue accounts for almost 10% of human fat mass, but its roles remain unclear. Here, Xu et al. identify more than 45 diseases linked to marrow adiposity in over 48,000 people, including causal roles in musculoskeletal disease.

Biological catch bonds counter-intuitively strengthen when pulled. Here, the authors present tuneable artificial catch bonds made from DNA for the study of biomimetic adhesion and the creation of force-strengthening materials.

Telomeres are prone to oxidative damage, particularly the formation of the common lesion 8-oxoguanine. This study shows that the processing of 8-oxoguanine at telomeres by the DNA repair enzymes OGG1 and MUTYH glycosylases contributes to cellular senescence.

In this study, the authors use a dataset of stable isotope compositions of otoliths from Atlantic bluefin tuna to infer the thermal sensitivity of metabolic performance in their first year of life. They then assess the likely trajectories of tuna production until end century under differing emission scenarios in their two main spawning grounds, the western Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea.

The skin of zebrafish is patterned by alternating blue stripes and yellow interstripes which arises from guanine crystal-containing cells called iridophores that reflect light. Here the authors track iridophores and see that they do not migrate between stripes and interstripes, but instead differentiate and proliferate in place based on their micro-environment.

Lightning Pose is an efficient pose estimation approach that requires few labeled training data owing to its semi-supervised learning strategy and ensembling.

Discards from fishing vessels are food for scavenging species, so ending the practice may have ecological consequences. Here, Heath et al. show that improving selectivity so that unwanted fish are not caught, achieves conservation benefits, while simply requiring that vessels land their entire catch, does not.