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Machine-learning algorithms trained on 25,000 geolocated soil samples are used to create high-resolution global maps of mycorrhizal fungi, revealing that less than 10% of their biodiversity hotspots are in protected areas.

A low-loss cavity is shown to store X-ray laser pulses for >2.8 μs.

Complete sequences of chromosomes telomere-to-telomere from chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, Bornean orangutan, Sumatran orangutan and siamang provide a comprehensive and valuable resource for future evolutionary comparisons.

Chronic infection with SARS-CoV-2 leads to the emergence of viral variants that show reduced susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies in an immunosuppressed individual treated with convalescent plasma.

Sera from vaccinated individuals and some monoclonal antibodies show a modest reduction in neutralizing activity against the B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2; but the E484K substitution leads to a considerable loss of neutralizing activity.

Here, the authors perform a genome-wide association study of fetal haemoglobin (HbF) levels in Africans with sickle cell disease replicating known loci, identifing 14 candidate loci, and highlighting FLT1’s role in hypoxia-associated HbF induction.

The environmental impacts of more sustainable diets vary across regions. Using linear optimization, this study compares the reductions of global warming potential, water use and land use associated with the replacement of animal-sourced foods with novel or plant-based foods in European diets. Three diet types were considered to meet nutritional adequacy and consumption constraints.

As presented at the 2025 ASCO Annual Meeting, intracerebroventricular infusion of bivalent CAR T cells targeting EGFR and IL-13Rα2 in patients with multifocal, recurrent glioblastoma was feasible and well tolerated, with the maximum tolerated dose identified, one patient with a partial response and one patient with durable stable disease.

Rhine et al. find that neuronal aging leads to widespread dysregulation of RNA biology, including mislocalization of splicing proteins like TDP-43, chronic cellular stress and reduced resiliency.

The fabrication self-sorting supramolecular gels, containing co-existing homomolecular assemblies with similar physical and chemical properties, is challenging. Here pH-controlled self-sorting gelators are reported, where the order of assembly of each component is predetermined by gelator pK_a.

Interventions to increase resilience to misinformation work but decay over time. Here, the authors show that memory—which can be strengthened—is a key predictor for the longevity of intervention effects, more so than motivation.

Multiplexed assays of variant effect can resolve clinical variants but are incompatible with secreted proteins. Here Popp et al. develop MultiSTEP, a generalizable surface-tethering method to assess variant effects in secreted proteins at scale.

Phosphatase enzymes are challenging to study due to a lack of specific inhibitors. Here, authors develop a chemical-genetic system to inhibit and characterize a major Ser/Thr phosphatase complex, and suggest this strategy, termed directSLiMs, could be used to inhibit other “undruggable” enzymes.

Galsky and colleagues report the results of a phase 1 clinical trial of anti-programmed cell death protein 1 ligand 1 atezolizumab in combination with PGV001, a personalized neoantigen vaccine, in participants with urothelial cancer.

Following progression on HER2-targeted first-line regimens, there are limited HER2-targeted therapies that have demonstrated efficacy in patients with gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA). Here, the authors report the results of a phase 1 clinical trial investigating zanidatamab (a HER2-targeted bispecific antibody) in heavily pre-treated patients with advanced or metastatic, HER2-expressing GEA.

Engineered pyroptotic vesicles formed during tumour cell pyroptosis and engineered as personalized tumour vaccines can activate a robust antitumour immune response for post-surgical tumour recurrence inhibition.

A study that combines in vivo systems neuroscience with synaptic physiology and Drosophila genetics identifies a presynaptic form of lateral inhibition in the olfactory system. The mechanism allows for a flexible form of gain control, which promotes coding efficiency when stimuli are strong and unambiguous, but maximizes sensitivity when stimuli are weak and ambiguous.

The identification of immune correlates of protection in humans would inform on the design and development of tuberculosis vaccine candidates. In this work, authors examine samples collected from South African infants, to determine whether the correlates of risk of tuberculosis disease, previously identified in this population, are also correlates of risk of M. tuberculosis infection.

This study finds that glaciers have existed in the Transantarctic Mountains for the past 60 million years, and that warm-based mountain glaciers were present in Antarctica long before ice sheets came to dominate the continent.

Cytosine base editors use an uracil-containing intermediate to introduce C•G to T•A and C•G to G•C point mutations. Here, the authors couple gene knockdown with reporters of these two cytosine base editing outcomes to identify the cellular DNA repair factors that process this intermediate.

Current seasonal flu vaccines hardly protect against emerging H5N1 such as clade 2.3.4.4b circulating in cattle. Here, the authors show that a single intranasal immunization of DelNS1-H5N1 vaccine candidates provides effective protection and sustained immunity against highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses.

Hemalatha et al. track the endogenous redox ratio (NAD(P)H/FAD) with live imaging in the mouse skin to study the interface of wild-type stem cells with oncogenic mutant cells. They find that maintaining a robust redox ratio is key to clonal prevalence.

PENSIEVE-AI is a drawing-based, digital cognitive test that can be self-administered in <5 min. It matches traditional tests in detecting cognitive impairment and dementia, offering promise for early detection in literacy-diverse populations.

For some parents, finding a cure for their child’s illness is the ultimate motivation to start a company.

Genetic and testing data from England show that the SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern B.1.1.7 has a transmission advantage over other lineages.

Patients with Parkinson’s disease treated with fetal tissue are assessed 3 years after surgery.

The combination of microwave photonics and optics has advanced many applications in defence, wireless communications, imaging and network infrastructure. Rachel Won talks to Jianping Yao from the University of Ottawa in Canada about the importance of this growing field.

Changes in Arctic sea ice volume are difficult to quantify. Five years of satellite data reveal a reduction in autumn sea ice volume in 2010–2012, but a sharp increase in 2013 and 2014, suggesting that ice volume can recover quickly.

Studies on the essentiality of Ku in human cells reveal that Ku interacts with diverse double-stranded RNA molecules, including antisense Alu, and enables tolerance of Alu sequence expansion in primates.

Infection may induce multi-organ thrombosis, but the underlying inflammatory mechanism remains elusive. Here, using Salmonella Typhimurium infectious mouse model, the authors reveal organ specific and broad inflammatory events like TNF for thrombosis in liver and spleen.

In a large pragmatic cluster-randomized trial involving 74 clinical units in 2 health systems in the United States, a real-time alert system assisting clinical care teams in identifying patients at risk of deterioration decreased mortality risk by 35.6%, with positive effects also on length of stay.

Spatial multi-omics analysis tools have lagged behind advancements in single-cell technologies. Here, authors introduce TACIT, a scalable tool for automated cell type and state deconvolution from spatial multi-omics datasets, improving accuracy and efficiency over existing methods.

On the anniversary of the Boyden et al. (2005) paper that introduced the use of channelrhodopsin in neurons, Nature Neuroscience asks selected members of the community to comment on the utility, impact and future of this important technique.

Moderately reducing the visibility of renewable energy infrastructure in Germany is found to have a negligible impact on energy system costs and design. Strict visibility restrictions, however, may reduce the system’s resilience and increase costs by 38% in 2045.

Remotely sensed NDVI data and contemporary field data from 84 grasslands on 6 continents show increasing divergence in aboveground plant biomass between sites in different bioclimatic regions.

Predicting highly enantioselective ligands for a given asymmetric catalytic reaction is very challenging, but could greatly reduce the need for high-throughput, trial-and-error experimentation. Here, the authors report a freely available, automated tool to identify appropriate chiral ligands for given substrates in asymmetric catalysis.

Most bacteria exist in dense aggregates, yet this lifestyle is relatively poorly understood compared with planktonic cultures. This Review explores biophysical models of aggregate development, and how models can be extended to account for the complex behaviours of single-species and multispecies colonies.

Polygenic scores derived from genome-wide association analyses of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and genetically correlated left ventricular traits effectively stratify risk of disease and adverse outcomes in the general population and across clinical cohorts.

Allele-preferential transcription factor binding can influence pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma risk loci function. Here, the authors show allele-specific JunB and JunD binding at chr1p36.33 and propose a role for KLHL17 in protein homeostasis by mitigating inflammation.

A large-scale evaluation of the long-term effects of tropical cyclones on human mortality in the contiguous United States estimates that the average tropical cyclone results in 7,000–11,000 excess deaths, far exceeding previous estimates.

In this work, the authors present structural and functional evidence of lipid exchange within the gram-negative Mla pathway, broadening our understanding of lipid transport in bacteria and providing insight into the mechanism of a unique ABC transporter.

People can direct attention to specific moments that they anticipate will be relevant to their goals. Here, the authors show that voluntary temporal attention engages both periodic and transient modulations of visual cortical activity to improve perception at precise time points.

A consensus cell type atlas for the fly brain provides both an intellectual framework and open-source toolchains for brain-scale comparative connectomics.

Rao and Cai et al. perform a detailed metabolic comparison between primary tumours from patients and their matching xenografts, which identify conserved as well as divergent metabolic patterns.

Climate change is a health emergency, impacting multiple facets of human well-being via direct and indirect pathways. Nature Climate Change asked experts from different health fields to share their thoughts on the urgent issues and possible paths forward.