Advanced sensing and physics-aware artificial intelligence are reshaping smart batteries with interpretable insights and non-destructive diagnostics. Yet, fragmented progress and case-specific solutions have hindered impact. Closing this gap requires systematic, closed-loop integration from sensing to physics-aware models to translate raw observations into interpretable predictions for safer, longer-lasting, and smarter energy storage systems.
- Yunhong Che
- Jiaqiang Huang
- Richard D. Braatz
