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This Commission aims to resolve the current dialysis policy challenges in Thailand and generate lessons for the global kidney community by drawing on empirical evidence, systems thinking and multidisciplinary expertise to generate policy goals and recommendations.

Here, the authors conduct a metagenomic-based study of England’s rivers to show that biofilm bacteria are taxonomically and functionally diverse and are key to biogeochemical cycling, highlighting the importance of river biofilm bacteria in understanding and monitoring freshwater ecosystem health.

Compact Un1Cas12f1 enzyme suits AAV delivery but is limited by narrow PAMs and modest activity. Here, authors engineer evoCas12f to recognize broader NTNR/NYTR PAMs and boost editing efficiency up to 91%, enabling efficient multiplex editing, base editing, and gene activation in cells and mice.

PAN2-PAN3 complexes trim poly(A) tails of mRNAs. Here, the authors show that PAN2 associates with translation initiation factors and that germline-specific deletion of Pan2 in mice causes male infertility and compromises stability of key components of the translational machinery.

Aging boosts diabetic kidney disease risk via shared renal pathology. Renal RORγ is downregulated in diabetes/aging; its tubule-specific loss worsens injury, and overexpression protects. RORγ stabilizes INSIG1 via YOD1/CAB39, blocking SREBP2/STING.

The mediobasal hypothalamus plays a central role in integrating nutritional and sex-related signals to regulate energy homeostasis. Here, through snRNA-seq of the mediobasal hypothalamus in female and male mice across nutritional states, authors show that Agrp neurons are nutrition-sensitive, DA neurons exhibit transcriptional differences in a sex-dependent manner, and KNDy neurons are responsive to both sex and nutrition.

De novo Calcineurin (CN) variants cause DEE91, with E282K being the most common. E282K alters CN’s acidic substrate binding pocket to basic, thus shifting substrate preference and dephosphorylation signaling, subsequently impacting neurodevelopment.

This study identifies GCN5, a histone acetyltransferase, as a driver of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease progression via LXRα/SREBP1c-mediated lipogenesis, and demonstrates that pharmacological inhibition of GCN5 alleviates disease in a study with male mice.

Here they show that FOXF2 is required for pericyte maturation and function during postnatal alveolar morphogenesis. FOXF2 is required in pericytes to induce angiogenesis after neonatal hyperoxic injury, revealing a link between pericyte-endothelial crosstalk and bronchopulmonary dysplasia pathogenesis.

Here, the authors show that residues N490 and M492 of Hepatitis E Virus capsid protein are pivotal, albeit not exclusive, host tropism determinants of hepatitis E virus (HEV) for swine infection, which enhance the understanding of HEV’s zoonotic transmission and host specificity.

Cell division in many Gram-positive bacteria involves the synthesis of a peptidoglycan septum that is then hydrolyzed to facilitate cell separation. Here the authors show that, after septum formation, the cell wall at the division site is remodelled by transpeptidation as new poles form during daughter cell separation in Bacillus subtilis.

Alternative targets are required for tumor therapy. The authors here show that transmembrane protein 175 (TMEM175) knock out in macrophages improves aPD-1 treatment prognosis with the mechanism of enhanced NLRP3 expression and antigen cross-presentation of macrophages.

In nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), cisplatin is known to be associated with poor treatment compliance and notable side effects therefore more effective platinum drugs are expected. Here this group updates the 10-year survival analysis results of a multicenter, randomized, phase 3 trial evaluating the efficacy of lobaplatin and fluorouracil induction chemotherapy plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy on 502 NPC patients.

Precise control of individual neuron firing is key for neuroscience. Here, the authors show a novel opsin-free photostimulation method that activates single neurons in vivo by femtosecond laser scanning-induced Ca2+ influx and action potential firing.

The limited tunability of threshold voltage is a major obstacle for applying two-dimensional transistors in post-silicon electronics. Here, the authors show that bimetallic thiophosphates, such as LiInP₂S₆, enable programmable threshold voltages in both n-type and p-type 2D transistors, leading to low-power, high-speed complementary logic inverters.

Lactone monomers for recyclable polyesters are conventionally synthesized via endergonic, non-oxidative dehydrocyclization of fossil-derived diols in the vapor phase over precious-metal catalysts at elevated temperatures. Here, the authors demonstrate a low-temperature, solvent-free, oxidative route to lactones from bio-derivable liquid diols using earth-abundant calcium-copper mixed-metal oxide catalysts.

Here, Zhang et al. demonstrate that the microbial metabolite indole-3-propionic acid stimulates production of β-hydroxybutyrate in intestinal cells, in turn activating regenerative stem cells to promote mucosal healing in colitis.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has shown promise but remains limited against solid tumors. This study reports that DKK1-A2 CAR-T cells selectively target HLA-A2- and DKK1-positive tumors, suggesting their therapeutic potential in treating human cancers.

Intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis can promote their survival within infected cells by preventing lysosomal acidification. Here, the authors show that M. tuberculosis secretes a protein that promotes phosphorylation of a subunit of the host vacuolar ATPase, thus inhibiting V-ATPase assembly and lysosomal acidification.

A 3D human gut–brain–vascular microphysiological system reveals bidirectional blood-borne signaling, in which gut-derived bacterial toxins induce neuroinflammation and tau pathology, while Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease–associated brain signals compromise vascular and intestinal barrier integrity.

Aging is characterised by visceral adipose tissue (VAT) inflammation but the molecular mechanisms driving or inhibiting the VAT-driven processes are not fully known. Here the authors identify BAFF as a soluble mediator in VAT to promote the expansion of regulatory B cells that produce IL-10 to inhibit aging-related inflammation.

Sex dimorphism in the incidence and mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been reported. Here the authors show that, in males, androgen promotes regulatory T cell recruitment to impair γδ T cell antitumor immunity, implying that a Treg/S100a4/γδ T cell axis controls sex differences in hepatocarcinogenesis.

This Reusability Report tests the ability of a foundation model, ActFound, to predict the antibacterial activity of plant natural products. We found that although all models performed poorly on this task, ActFound performed better than similar models.

In this study, authors reveal an evolutionary strategy in bacteria, where multidrug resistance are stably maintained through multicopy heterogeneous genes on a single plasmid, conferring an adaptive advantage under fluctuating clinical drug pressures.

Given rising diabetes prevalence globally, access to diabetes treatments is gaining urgency. Here, the authors show patterns of glucose-lowering medication use for diabetes across 62 low- and middle-income countries.

The mechanical microenvironment for MSCs is crucial for osteogenesis. Here, the authors developed a hydrogel in which MSC-secreted ALP actively remodels the surrounding heterogeneous mechanical microenvironment to promote osteogenesis for bone regeneration.

Using single-nucleus and spatial transcriptomics, the authors reveal resilience signatures in neocortical layer 4 neurons. They show KCNIP4 protects these cells by reducing hyperexcitability, a driver of neurodegeneration.

A pragmatic, cluster randomized trial in rural Guangdong, China, showed that 12-month implementation of a comprehensive antibiotic stewardship program involving physician training, point-of-care prompts, monthly peer review feedback and smartphone-based patient education substantially reduced antibiotic prescriptions for acute respiratory infections compared to control consultations.

In this study, the authors show that chandelier cells in the medial prefrontal cortex integrate circuit inputs, encode stimulus salience across sensory modalities, and thus influence associative learning in male mice.

The authors provide a method to realise almost optimal geometrically local quantum codes from quantum LDPC codes, which generalizes previous near-optimal locality constructions by removing specialized prerequisites and working in any dimension.

Kohl et al. combine high-resolution Ribo-seq and cryo electron microscopy to show that the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus uses extended Shine-Dalgarno motifs to initiate translation, which can make start-site decoding incompatible with phylogenetically distant ribosomes.

MASH is driven by the secreted GPNMB ectodomain, which binds hepatocyte RYK to activate ERK1/2 and promote lipid uptake and lipogenic programs; blocking the GPNMB–RYK axis prevented and treated MASH in preclinical models.

The factors contributing to the onset of Barrett’s esophagus, a precancerous stage of the highly lethal esophageal cancer, remain elusive. Here, the authors identify inherited mutations in the VSIG10L gene as a key etiologic determinant affecting esophageal biology and facilitating the development of Barrett’s esophagus.

This paper presents an active pixel power control (APPC) to minimize crosstalk in all-optical neural interrogation. Tested in vivo, APPC suppresses optogenetic artifacts while preserving Ca2+ imaging quality, enabling precise neural circuit analysis.

GGC repeat expansions causing oculopharyngeal myopathy with or without leukoencephalopathy are located in small open reading frames and translated into polyglycine proteins that form cellular aggregates, driving neuronal and muscle cell dysfunction.

Biocatalysis of the chemotherapy drug, doxorubicin, relies on the cytochrome P450 DoxA, which is inefficient. Here, the authors ameliorated the biosynthetic limitations by identifying DoxA redox partners and DnrV, which prevents product inhibition, helping improve microbial production.

China’s carbon neutrality and clean-air policies cause global warming from reduced aerosols that nearly offsets cooling from reduced CO2 before 2060, with warming emerging afterwards, calling for early carbon neutrality and more mitigation strategies.

Survival of reef-building oysters peaks at specific combinations of fractal dimension and height that reduce predation, showing how optimal three-dimensional habitat geometry can guide more effective ecosystem restoration.

Forward Projection (FP) trains neural networks with a single forward pass. It achieves competitive accuracy while offering interpretable hidden representations that reveal clinically relevant features.

By generating whole genomes of 150 participants representing 12 Khoe-San click-speaking groups, the authors, reveal over 1.3 million unknown DNA variants, distinct San and here described Damara genetic trajectories, while achieving century-long global predominance.

Here they show that NONO collaborates with HOXA1 to modulate gene expression during early cardiomyocyte differentiation. This interaction facilitates activation of the Wnt signaling pathway, establishing the NONO-HOXA1-Wnt axis as a key mechanism in cardiac development.

Trimodal single-cell analysis reveals gene-regulatory architecture in complex tissues.

High energy use in controlled environment agriculture clouds its potential as a lower-carbon option for agri-food transformations. The authors find that using a Maximum Energy-use Threshold in specific contexts can provide a potential solution.

A multi-source dataset including a survey on 2,364 Ukrainian citizens pinpoints the spatial and temporal features associated with stronger interactions between conflict-related and baseline stressors and health-related outcomes, in a Ukraine-wide analysis involving 461 cities.

Chemical imaging probes enable visualization of dynamic biological processes, but engineering high sensitivity probes remains challenging. Here, the authors present Sensight, a quantitative multivariate framework that integrates key photophysical and physicochemical descriptors to predict and optimize probe performance, and design G₃, a superoxide probe with high sensitivity for detecting early oxidative events.

Sleep apnea is clinically diagnosed by labor-intensive manual scoring of breathing events from sleep studies. Here, the authors show that a deep learning model can automatically detect apneas at human expert level across cohorts and inform the cause of sleep apnea.

Many thermophiles that are abundant in geothermal systems have never been cultivated and are poorly understood. Here, Lai et al. describe the cultivation of one such organism, a deeply branching member of the archaeal phylum Thermoproteota, and provide evidence that it has evolved to specialize in branched-chain amino acid metabolism.

A CRISPR screen reveals that loss of structural components of the SAGA complex derails hematopoiesis by decoupling epigenetic control. This halts stem cell maturation, triggers a pathogenic interferon program and boosts human MDS-L cell growth.

The direct coactivation of inert hydrocarbons and water typically requires high oxidation potentials. Here, the authors report that a Ni-activated tungsten-oxygen covalency anode is designed to steer the oxygen transfer from water to benzylic C(sp³)–H bonds via Ni-regulated interfacial water structure.