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Here the authors reveal a study of 486,956 Han Chinese individuals showing that most people with genetic variants affecting drug response do not have the predicted adverse events, highlighting the challenges of implementing pharmacogenetics in clinical practice.

Hong-Xuan Lin, Ji-Ping Gao, Jun-Xiang Shan and colleagues show that natural variation in a proteasome α2 subunit gene contributes to thermotolerance in African rice. Their follow-up studies suggest that the variant allele protects cells from heat stress by enhancing the elimination of cytotoxic denatured proteins and maintaining heat-response processes.

The insertion of thin layers of cobalt can stabilize β-tungsten under back-end-of-line thermal constraints, allowing a 64-kb spin–orbit torque magnetic random-access memory to be fabricated that offers a spin–orbit torque switching of 1 ns, data retention of more than 10 years and a tunnelling magnetoresistance of 146%.

Trained and validated on multimodal data from 14.5 million images from multicountry datasets, a foundation model is shown to increase diagnostic and referral accuracy of clinicians when used as an assistant in a trial involving 16 ophthalmologists and 668 patients.

In a phase 1 trial, the co-infusion of CD19-targeting and BCMA-targeting CAR-T cells in adults with treatment-refractory lupus was safe and had promising efficacy, with most patients achieving remission after 3 months.

Potassium tert-butoxide is used in a precious-metal-free alkyl transfer strategy for synthesizing azaarenes and polyazaarenes from alkenes and nitriles via carbon–carbon bond cleavage. This method produces aryl methanes as the sole by-product and allows divergent synthesis of functionalized azaarenes, some of which exhibit visible-light photocatalytic reactivity.

A new artificial intelligence model, DeepSeek-R1, is introduced, demonstrating that the reasoning abilities of large language models can be incentivized through pure reinforcement learning, removing the need for human-annotated demonstrations.

Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of immune cells in the blood and liver of a human decedent receiving a pig liver xenograft reveals impaired adaptive immunity and monocyte features that may induce T cell exhaustion and contribute to platelet activation.

The study shows that lunar ilmenite preserves less solar wind-generated water than silicate minerals, likely due to faster water escape. This finding suggests that ilmenite may critically influence surface water variations within the lunar Procellarum KREEP Terrane.

Some small mRNA isoforms regulate cellular responses to stress. Here, Li et al. identify UFD1s, a stress responsive micro-RNA that encodes a conserved microprotein that regulates ubiquitination of full length UFD1, promotes autophagy and fatty acid oxidation, and acts to alleviate NASH progression in mice.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with retinoic acid receptor-gamma (RARG) fusions have similarities to acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and poor prognosis. Here, the authors show that the CPSF6-RARG (CR) fusion interacts with histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) to promote myeloid transformation and HDAC inhibitors reduce CR-associated leukemia in preclinical murine models.

The Ga₂O₃:Sn/Al/HfO_x cascade heterojunctions-based optoelectronic synapses exhibit outstanding linearity in weight updating and thousands of conduction levels, holding promise for applications in logic operations, arithmetic computing, and fingerprint classification.

The evolutionary emergence of a nested fibrillar centre–dense fibrillar component may have optimized pre-rRNA processing.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have improved our understanding of the genetic basis of lung adenocarcinoma but known susceptibility variants explain only a small fraction of the familial risk. Here, the authors perform a two-stage GWAS and report 12 novel genetic loci associated with lung adenocarcinoma in East Asians.

DeepRETStroke is a deep learning system using retinal photographs to detect silent brain infarction and predict future stroke events.

Fine turning the local configuration of single atoms into substrate is challenging. Here, the authors report that burying single atoms into subsurface lattice of substrate can stimulate more surficial active sites and thus promote the overall catalytic performance in methanol electrooxidation.

Nano-apertures cannot distinguish between distinct spin-states of photons because of information loss upon light-aperture interaction. Here, Du et al.report a subwavelength aperture integrated with metasurfaces which breaks spin degeneracy and produces opposite transmission spectra over a broad spectral range.

Snail is involved in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. Here, the authors show that the metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate promotes pancreatic cancer metastasis through protecting Snail from degradation.

A gene-edited pig liver transplanted into a human recipient remains functional after 10 days and indicates that porcine organs could help meet the growing demand for liver transplants.

Neuronal PRDX-2-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling in C. elegans AWC neurons triggers intestinal mitochondrial stress response, halting digestion to reduce cellular stress. This discovery reveals a brain-gut pathway regulating food intake via ROS signaling.

Tsai et al. here utilize a multi-stage genome-wide association study in Taiwanese population to show a copy number variation in the intron of potassium interacting channel 1 gene (KCNIP1) to be strongly associated with atrial fibrillation. The study also examines the functionality of KCNIP1 in heart electrophysiological function using cultured myocytes and zebrafish.

Endothelial cells (ECs) and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) support hematopoiesis and hematopoietic regeneration. Whether ECs are a source of BMSCs remains unclear. Here, using lineage tracing models the authors show that ECs are not a source of BMSCs during homeostasis and regeneration.

The H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) remain dominant in live poultry markets in China, and H9N2 AIVs with HA-Q226L, PB2-V/K627 and NP-N52 mutations can be transmitted between guinea pigs and between ferrets via direct contact and respiratory droplet.

The emergence of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells is finely tuned by a variety of signaling pathways. Here, the authors find that Nlrc3 is highly expressed during hematopoietic differentiation in vivo and in vitro, activates the Notch pathway, and acts downstream of NF-kB signaling.

Here, Zhang et al. succeed in creating a heavily distorted oxygen deficient film of lanthanum cobaltite. The new phase of LaCoO_2.5 has several unique properties, most notably, a Curie temperature of 284 K, significantly larger than the films from which it was derived.

Although most patients achieve complete response after standard-of-care treatment, residual disease in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma is associated with poor prognosis. Here the authors report the results of a phase 2 trial of toripalimab (anti-PD1) plus capecitabine for patients with residual nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors with anti-angiogenic targeted therapy has shown efficacy in some solid tumours. Here the authors report the results of a phase 2 trial of camrelizumab (anti-PD1) plus apatinib as a second-line or later-line treatment regimen in platinum-resistant (cohort 1) or PD-1 inhibitor-resistant (cohort 2) Recurrent/Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma patients.

Gloeobacter diverged from other lineages early in cyanobacterial evolution, preferentially growing under low light intensity conditions. Here, the authors describe cryo-EM structures of PBSs from G. violaceus cells cultured under low or moderate light intensity.

Pancreatic Spint1 disruption causes glucose intolerance, reduced islet size, and decreased insulin synthesis and secretion. SPINT1 regulates HEPSIN’s modification of GLP1R/MAFA activation, vital for glucose control by β cells, linking it to diabetes.

This study shows how auditory cortex activation and cognitive function develop during a six-month follow-up after gene therapy in children with congenital deafness.

In a prespecified interim analysis of the randomized, double-blind phase 3 COMPASSION-15 trial, patients with advanced HER2-negative gastric/GEJ cancer treated with the anti-PD-L1/CTLA-4 bispecific Ab cadonilimab plus chemotherapy showed significantly improved overall survival compared with patients treated with placebo plus chemotherapy as first-line treatment.

While Bell inequalities have been violated several times—mostly in photonic systems—their violations within particle physics experiments are less explored. Here, the BESIII Collaboration showcases Bell-violating nonlocal correlations between entangled hyperon pairs.

Cao et al. report an A-site co-doping strategy by substituting Cs+ cation by alkali metals for perovskite quantum wires embedded in nanoporous alumina template, stabilising the crystal structure and enabling high-colour purity LEDs spanning from blue to green spectral region.

Here, authors show the behavioral function of two transcriptomic GABAergic neuron subtypes in the zona incerta by integrating single-nucleus sequencing, circuit mapping, and optogenetics, advancing our understanding of functional brain organization.

Newly evolved Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum isolates triggers recent bacterial blight outbreaks in cotton. Here, the authors show that a recently evolved TALE, Tal7b, activates host susceptibility genes GhSWEET14a and GhSWEET14b rather than GhSWEET10 to confer pathogenicity in these new isolates.

Whether hippocampal place cells are unique in their representation of spatial information utilized during body navigation remains unknown. Here authors report monkey cells in the premotor cortex exhibit similar position fields which encode hand position during a reaching task.

Tailored to provide diabetes management recommendations from large training and validation datasets, an artificial intelligence system integrating language and computer vision capabilities is shown to improve self-management of patients in a prospective implementation study.

Kondo interaction can mediate intertwined charge and magnetic orders in 2D d-electron systems. Here, using scanning tunneling microscopy, the authors reveal that Fe(I) atoms mediate atomic scale √3x√3 spatial coherence among charge density wave, Kondo physics, and ferromagnetism in the 2D ferromagnet Fe₅GeTe₂.

Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated protein (ATM) phosphorylates CD98HC to promote neutral amino acid antiporter trafficking. Here the authors show that ATM loss impairs glutamate, cystine, and arginine transport, driving metabolic stress and ataxia telangiectasia–like phenotypes.