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Effective therapies remain limited for patients with high-risk recurrence after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) resection. Here, the authors report a clinical trial investigating the adjuvant combination of the anti-PD-L1 antibody benmelstobart plus the multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor anlotinib, in patients with high-risk recurrence after resection of HCC.

Using single-cell transcriptomics and functional analyses, the authors identify a specialized neural network in the male schistosome gynecophoric canal and show that lsamp maintains its integrity, enabling intersex communication and female reproductive maturation.

Zeng et al. analyzed cfDNA methylation and fragmentomic data from 1,294 patient plasma samples across 14 major cancer types to present a comprehensive landscape of pancancer and cancer-specific cell-free DNA methylation and fragmentomic features.

In this work, Wu et al. develop and present PolyCLOVER, a framework that integrates multi-stage learning, active learning, and high-throughput experimentation to iteratively discover potent, low-toxicity polymeric antibiotics without relying on external labelled data.

We examine the historical development and underlying principles of foundation models realized in language and vision, and propose how physics-infused machine learning interaction potentials could dramatically transform at scale to create transformative foundation models for chemistry and materials science.

The authors present Lock-in-SIM, an open-access method for high-fidelity background-suppressed SIM reconstruction, which enables live-cell investigation of intraorganellar ultrastructures, including ER– lysosome interactions and mitochondria-mediated mitochondrial fission.

TMAO from gut microbes has been linked to some cases of atherosclerosis. Here, authors report on the use of nano-functionalized probiotics to reduce the production and absorption of TMA, reduce plasma TMAO levels, and alleviate the progression of atherosclerotic plaques.

A counterintuitive mass effect in the quantum tunneling of the HNCO^{• −} anion is reported: the cis-to-trans isomerization is driven by heavy-atom carbon tunneling rather than hydrogen tunneling and occurs more rapidly than electron detachment tunneling from HNCO^{• −} to neutral HNCO.

Achieving long-term phase-stabilized formamidinium (FA)-based perovskites remains challenging. Here, authors integrate ferroelectric CsMnBr3 nanocrystals into FA-based perovskites for ferroelectric field-mediated structural regulation, achieving maximum efficiency of 26.62% for stable solar cells.

Targeted delivery of mRNA with lipid nanoparticles has potential in cancer therapy. Here this group reports a sequential selective organ-to-cell targeting strategy which enables selective mRNA expression in dendritic cells within the spleen.

Hydrogels have some desirable properties, but applications can be limited if they are too fragile. Here, the authors report the development of a freeze-assisted bidirectional ion migration strategy for the fabrication of tough hydrogels.

High voltage layered oxide cathodes are highly demanded for Na-ion batteries, but they are plagued with structural instability. Here, authors enabled a high voltage K_xNa_5-xV₁₂O₃₂ cathode with reinforced V 3d–O 2p hybridization and V 3d–orbital electron delocalization upon K substitution, translated to enhanced V ⁵⁺/V⁴⁺ with improved cycling performance.

The authors report a flow-cell system equipped with highly-electrolyte permeable Rh diffusion cathode for electrocatalytic hydrogenation of important bio-oil aromatic molecules at industrial-scale current densities.

Zhang and Zhou et al. report a two-step activation mechanism of the NADase SARM1 by pyridine-containing compounds, which leads to the formation of phase-separated superhelical filaments with full NADase activity to induce axonal degeneration.

Imperatorin stimulates cardiomyocyte DNA repair and proliferation by enhancing the phosphorylation of TDP1 at serine 81 through facilitating the proximity-mediated interaction between TDP1 and DNA-PKcs.

How new volcanic islands form is not well understood, particularly those along mid-ocean ridge systems. Here, the authors present observations of two new islands that were formed in the southern Red Sea, using high-resolution satellite imagery to quantify their growth and subsequent erosion.

Deformation at divergent plate boundaries during rifting events is rarely observed and therefore poorly constrained. Ruch et al. show evidence of an oblique rift opening at the Bárðarbunga caldera, Iceland, which was one of the largest basaltic eruptions observed in the last 200 years

A spatiotemporally adaptive targeting strategy ensures sequentially reprogramming metabolism of inflammatory macrophages and senescent stem cells via intracellular NAD⁺ replenishment, accelerating bone and skin tissue regeneration.

Controlling relative and absolute stereochemical configurations in reactions creating multiple stereocentres at remote positions is a highly challenging task. Here, the authors report such control using complimentary, non-enantiomeric organocatalysts for addition to α,β-unsaturated ketones.

A wedge-shaped graben extension mechanism for the 2025 Dingri earthquake involved two graben-bounding faults, highlighting that early postseismic deformation is mainly driven by shallow afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation, with the afterslip spatially complementing coseismic slip, according to integration of field observations, geodetic and seismic data.

SIRT1-driven deacetylation of the MED1 subunit of the Mediator complex under stress modifies gene expression by enhancing RNA polymerase II action, promoting survival and growth of estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer cells.

Immune checkpoint blockade is an effective therapy in melanoma, but response is highly variable between patients. Here, the authors show that Inducing co-stimulatory immune checkpoint CD137L expression in melanoma cells enhances T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity.

Catalyst reconstruction via reaction environment is promising but complex. Here, Ni-doped Ce-based nanorods undergo regioselective reconstruction into dual-active carburized Ni clusters and frustrated Lewis pairs, enhancing CO₂ conversion efficiency.

Modulating the microenvironment of the Helmholtz plane, especially the anion transport, is crucial and challenging for CO₂ electrocatalytic systems. Here, the authors report a metal chelate to break diffusion limits and enrich the anions in the Helmholtz plane, promoting ethanol electrosynthesis.

Hippocampus encodes structured representations of movie semantic features, supported by representational differentiation in DG-CA3 and integration in CA3-CA1. CA1-retrosplenial connectivity mediates integration and individual cognitive performance.

Intermolecular interactions have a crucial role in the adsorption of molecules on a surface, however their role in promoting phase transitions is less well known. Here, the authors report an abnormal phase transition between a high-density liquid crystal and low-density solid in the case of carbon monoxide on Cu(111), driven by intermolecular interactions and entropy.

A variety of two-dimensional materials have been reported in the past few years, yet single-element systems—such as graphene and black phosphorus—have remained rare. 2D allotropes of boron have long been predicted and recently investigated. Two boron sheets have now been grown on a Ag(111) surface by molecule beam epitaxy that exhibit significant chemical stability against oxidation.

Bi, Mo, Liu et al. carry out high-throughput screening and analysis to profile genome-wide pro-tumour enhancers and uncover enhancer connectomes in glioma. In particular, they identify specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with glioma risk and progression.

Li, Li, Wu et al. use a proteomics approach, PhastID to identify protein components of nuclear condensates (NCs). They reveal crosstalk between NCs, the dynamics of condensate components and identify an NC formed by BUD13.

This study introduces the Cattle Cell Atlas, a single-cell expression resource including 1,793,854 cells from 59 tissues. Integrative analyses leveraging this atlas provide insights into the biology underlying bovine monogenic and complex traits.

Su et al. report that the super-enhancer K5aSE orchestrates Klf5andadditional targets via 3D chromatin interactions in ES cells, with CTCF-mediated chromatin domains maintaining this regulatory network essential for ES cell identity.

Lithium metal battery performance is optimized using a delocalized electrolyte design that induces a disordered solvation microenvironment, thereby combining the advantages of the solvent-dominated and anion-dominated structures of conventional electrolytes.

Moving beyond the widely studied (111)-oriented Hf_0.5Zr_0.5O₂ films, the authors demonstrate purely uniaxial in-plane ferroelectricity in orthorhombic (100)-oriented Hf_0.5Zr_0.5O₂ films, sustained even at a thickness of 1 nm.