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A new artificial intelligence model, DeepSeek-R1, is introduced, demonstrating that the reasoning abilities of large language models can be incentivized through pure reinforcement learning, removing the need for human-annotated demonstrations.

A genus-level super-pangenome of Avena comprising 35 high-quality genomes from 23 cultivated or wild oat species highlights the evolution of Avena and the landscape of structural variations related to abiotic stress resistance.

Polygenic scores for body mass index and obesity constructed using data from 5 million people with different ancestries were associated with distinct weight gain trajectories from early childhood to adulthood.

Spermine is a polyamine dysregulated in different cancers. This group shows that Serpinb9 prevents spermine synthase degradation, raising spermine levels and impairing the tumor immune microenvironment, and identifying Serpinb9 as a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer immunotherapy.

Worldwide, the number of only-child families is increasing. This research examines how growing up without siblings affects adult brain structure, function and connectivity, cognition, personality and mental health.

A large genome-wide association study of more than 5 million individuals reveals that 12,111 single-nucleotide polymorphisms account for nearly all the heritability of height attributable to common genetic variants.

Conventional hologram designs lack orbital angular momentum selectivity. Here, the authors design metasurface holograms consisting of GaN nanopillars with discrete spatial frequency distributions allowing the reconstruction of distinctive orbital angular momentumdependent holographic images.

In situ profiling of lysosomal proteomes is impeded by the acidic and digestive environment of lysosomes. Now, a bioorthogonal photocatalytic system (CAT-Lyso) is developed that is compatible with these conditions, enabling the proximity labelling of lysosomal proteomes within living cells.

Socioeconomic status is multidimensional and can change over time. Xu, Lui, Ji et al. found dimension-specific, late-stage-specific and change-specific socioeconomic effects on brain, cognition, personality and emotion.

Here, the authors engineer microbial production of muscle titin fibers with highly desirable mechanical properties and provide structural analyses that explain the molecular mechanisms underlying high performance of this polymer with potential uses in biomedicine and textile industries, among others.

Cross-ancestry genome-wide association studies of 3,414 brain imaging phenotypes in Chinese Han and white British participants identify autosomal and X-chromosomal associations in more diverse populations.

The spatial organization of biomolecules helps orchestrate a range of biological processes; however, links between spatial organization and regulation of physiological and pathological processes can be difficult to unravel. The development of innovative tools and recently uncovered insights were discussed at the ‘Chemical Decoding of Spatial Biology’ symposium.

High social aloofness was linked to reduced exploration, lower decision noise, and high choice stickiness in a bandit task. These effects reflect habitual and outcome-driven behaviours, linking social disengagement to nonsocial decision flexibility.

Genome-wide association meta-analyses in populations of East Asian and European ancestries identify variant–trait associations for 44 hippocampal traits and provide insight into the genetic architectures of hippocampal and subfield volumes.

Protein tyrosine O-sulfation is crucial for biomolecular interactions. Here the authors report in vitro engineering and in vivo validation of a tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase mutant for the genetic encoding of sulfotyrosine in mammalian cells.

Using a multi-omics approach, Wang et al. explored sex-specific and region-specific patterns of intestinal aging in non-human primates, identifying regulators with conserved functions in Caenorhabditis elegans intestinal aging, in colitis in mice and in patient colorectal cancer samples.

Lung adenocarcinomas can convert to squamous cell carcinomas, which is associated with cancer progression and therapy resistance. Here, Gao et al. identify YAP as an essential barrier for this phenotypic conversion through ZEB2-mediated DNP63 repression.

Two or more enzymes encapsulated in a thin polymer shell can lower blood alcohol levels in intoxicated mice, offering a way to prevent liver injury arising from the overconsumption of alcohol.

Neutrophils and macrophages are both involved in the initiation of inflammation, but whether and how they may participate in inflammation resolution is unclear. Here the authors show that neutrophils may mediate the conversion of macrophage into a pro-resolution phenotype via reactive oxygen species production to promote liver repair.

Potassium acetate (KAc) has desirably both a high solubility and a salting-out effect on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The freezing temperature of 50 wt% KAc solution can reach as low as −70 °C. The hydrogels soaked in 50 wt% KAc solution exhibit the highest mechanical properties with an ultimate stress of 8.2 MPa and toughness of 25.8 MJ/m³, surpassing most reported results for anti-freezing gels. At 50 wt% KAc, the hydrogels also present a high conductivity of 8.0 S/m at room temperature and 1.2 S/m at −60 °C.

Photodynamic therapy has attracted interest in treating cancer but it is limited in hypoxic tumors due to a lack of oxygen. Here, the authors describe a nano-composite capable of generating oxygen under near-infrared light for improved photodynamic and chemotherapy for treating cancer.

Using a behaviorally obtained reference point to compute social value, Ma et al. show that social-value distance is encoded by the amygdala in prosocials. Oxytocin amplifies this amygdala representation and increases prosociality in individualists.

A consortium reports the tripling of the number of genetic markers in Phase II of the International HapMap Project. This map of human genetic variation will continue to revolutionize discovery of susceptibility loci in common genetic diseases, and study of genes under selection in humans.

Vaccine adjuvants ensure sufficient engagement of the immune system in vaccination, however safety issues can be associated with novel chemical adjuvants. Here, Cao et al. report a physical radiofrequency adjuvant to simultaneously augment vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immune responses without potentially harmful adverse reactions.

Cells closely monitor mitochondrial status. Liu and colleagues show that the kinase Jnk2 regulates mitophagy by inhibiting smARF. Loss of Jnk2 results in defective mitophagy and enhanced ROS generation during hypoxia, which leads to enhanced inflammasome activation.

Trever Bivona and colleagues show that the Hippo pathway effector YAP promotes resistance to RAF and MEK inhibitor therapy in multiple types of BRAF-mutant tumors. The findings suggest that combined suppression of YAP and RAF-MEK signaling might enhance treatment response and prevent drug resistance.

We develop a wearable and interactive multicolored photochromic fiber using the thermal drawing technique, which overcomes the dependence on external light sources and the non-uniform light emission observed in polymer optical and photochromic fibers.

Sabeti et al. build on their This paper builds on previous work of detecting selection on human genes, using the many more markers available in the Phase II HapMap project. Three examples of apparent population-specific selection based on geographic area are described, and how these may relate to human biology is discussed.