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Lampreys are jawless vertebrates that can offer unique insights into vertebrate evolution. Here they generate a comprehensive cell atlas of the lamprey, uncovering 70 distinct cell types across 14 tissues, and identify pancreas-like cells in the lamprey small intestine.

A new artificial intelligence model, DeepSeek-R1, is introduced, demonstrating that the reasoning abilities of large language models can be incentivized through pure reinforcement learning, removing the need for human-annotated demonstrations.

Growth of uniform crystalline β-Ga₂O₃ on poly-diamond substrates is achieved using a graphene interlayer to facilitate nucleation, enabling ultralow interfacial thermal resistance, overcoming lattice mismatch and alleviating thermal expansion stress.

A microchip-based DNA synthesis method enables scalable production of complex DNA constructs.

In a small trial of patients with severe systemic lupus erythematosus and nephritis, treatment with allogeneic T cells with a CD19 chimeric antigen receptor inserted into the T cell receptor locus and deletion of the PD-1 (PDCD1) gene were safe and associated with reduced disease activity.

Dual-scale chemical ordering in CoNiV-based alloys improves the synergy of strength and ductility at cryogenic temperatures, providing an approach for obtaining high-performance metallic materials for cryogenic applications.

Ultrasound examination significantly relies on manual operation, which has significant downsides. The authors present UltraBot, a carotid ultrasound robot capable of automated scanning, measurement, and plaque screening, and build an embodied foundation model using deep learning for intelligent, high-precision ultrasound.

Ma et al. report a regulatory mechanism by which lysine acetylation of the m⁶A reader protein OsECT3 modulates its m⁶A-binding activity under cold stress. The reduced acetylation level stabilizes cold-responsive mRNAs to enhance cold tolerance in rice.

This study uses deep learning and gaze-tracking to track pathologists' work and learn how they review tissue images. This “learned expertise” was applied to guide artificial intelligence models, such as weakly supervised learning and reinforcement learning, to achieve accurate diagnosis of Whole Slide Images.

A variant in the IFITM3gene increases the risk of severe influenza, but homozygosity is rare in Caucasians. The authors show that the variant gene is homozygous in 25% of healthy Chinese people, and 69% of those with severe pandemic influenza, suggesting that this gene influences the epidemiology of influenza in South-East Asia.

An asymmetric self-assembled monolayer improves the efficiency of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells compared with symmetric self-assembled monolayers, resulting in a certified power conversion efficiency of up to 34.58%.

Xu et al. showed that a histone acetyltransferase interacts with an acetyl-CoA synthetic enzyme for histone acetylation to stimulate gene expression and endosperm cell division, pointing to a mechanism coupling energy metabolism to epigenetics.

Histone acetylation is a predominant active chromatin mark. A feedback mechanism by which histone acetyltransferase responds to varying levels of acetyl coenzyme A in plants under adverse conditions maintains histone acetylation homeostasis.

Room temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials are promising for optical applications. Here, the authors demonstrate a scalable preparation of RTP nanospheres and their assembly into photonic crystals with multimodal luminescence.

Real-time road damage detection is crucial for public transportation management. Here, authors present a lightweight neural network framework that enables efficient surface distress recognition on mobile devices for transportation engineering.

The role of outer mitochondrial membrane proteins in Myocardial Ischemia-reperfusion Injury (MIRI) largely remains unknown. Here, the authors demonstrate that the outer mitochondrial membrane protein Myocardial Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling (MAVS) protein promotes MIRI suggesting MAVS protein as potential therapeutic target.

A high-bandwidth neuromotor interface offers performant out-of-the-box generalization across people.

A mixed-dimensional hot-emitter transistor based on mixed-dimensional graphene/germanium Schottky junctions uses stimulated emission of heated carriers, achieving an ultralow subthreshold swing and a high negative differential resistance.

Photocatalysis offers a promising pathway to upcycle plastic waste. Here the authors demonstrate how defective cadmium sulfide photocatalysts can convert real-world polylactic acid into the amino acid alanine under visible light.

The molecular phenotypic features of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remain elusive. Here, the authors perform mass spectrometry-based proteomic profiling for 269 EOC patients and reveal molecularly distinct features and potential therapeutic targets among the histological subtypes of EOC.

Genetic bases of grain shape differentiation between the two subspecies of Asian cultivated rice have not been fully elucidated. Here, the authors report GSE9, a de novo gene evolved from a non-coding region of wild rice through acquisition of start codon, contributes to the grain shape difference between the two subspecies.

Orbital hybridization in artificial atoms is achieved by altering their shape, and the anisotropy of the confining potential gives rise to the hybridization between quasibound states with different orbital quantum numbers within the artificial atom.

Two mGlu3–βarr1 cryo-EM structures with 2:1 and 2:2 stoichiometries are reported, revealing that the inactive state involves mGlu3 engagement of βarr1 through phosphorylated C-terminal tail and intracellular loops.

The DAWN study is a phase 3 clinical trial that demonstrates effective glycemic control of dorzagliatin as an add-on therapy to metfomin in patients with type 2 diabetes.

By using scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy, researchers observe layer-dependent electronic correlations in rhombohedral graphene multilayers at 77 K, revealing the layer-enhanced low-energy flat bands and interlayer interactions.

Auxin can promote or inhibit hypocotyl elongation. This biphasic effect has puzzled generations of plant biologists. Wang et al. shows that the decreasing apoplastic pH, stimulated by auxin, underlies the change in hypocotyl growth response.

The molecular characterisation of soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) across diverse populations remains crucial. Here, the authors perform a proteomics and phosphoproteomics analysis of 272 Chinese STS patients across 12 subtypes, and obtain insights related to progression, metastasis, and immune signatures.

In this study, multiple μ-spatially offset Raman spectroscopy is used to determine blood glucose levels noninvasively in humans, achieving comparatively high accuracy in a clinical setting.

Candidalysin is a toxin secreted by Candida albicans. Although critical for pathogenesis, its intracellular targets are not well mapped. Here, Zhang et al screen for interacting proteins and identify that candidalysin can modulate the DNA damage repair pathway to promote fungal infection.

This study presents a neuromorphic computing platform capable of learning cross-modal, event-driven signals for efficient real-time knowledge generalization. It also achieves zero-shot transfer learning for multimodal data.

Gut microbiota play pivotal roles in IBD. Here, Ning et al. use a multi-omics approach to characterize gut microbiota and metabolites alterations, and potential pathogenic bacteria associated with IBD, with the aim to help develop more precise biomarkers for IBD diagnosis and drug targets

The three-dimensional conformation of macrocycles determine their chemical and recognition properties and the factors that influence the interconversion between macrocyclic forms are poorly understood. Here the authors describe a macrocycle existing as two stable atropisomers and the mechanism behind the thermally-induced transition between them.

SET domain–containing 2 (SETD2) is reported as an immunosuppressor in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Here the authors show that SETD2 loss enhances de novo sphingomyelin biosynthesis during the transition from polycystic kidney disease to ccRCC.

The performance of wide bandgap perovskite solar cells is limited by the carrier recombination at their electron extraction interface. Here, the authors assemble binary 2D perovskites for efficient charge transport and realizing stable perovskite/silicon tandems with device efficiency over 30%.

Variants of the 3′−5′ exonuclease TREX1 can cause retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukoencephalopathy (RVCL). Here, the authors show that RVCL-associated TREX1 variants trigger DNA damage in humans, mice, and Drosophila, and render cells more vulnerable to DNA damage inducing agents.

A physics-based training pipeline is developed to help tackle the challenges of data scarcity. The framework aligns large language models to a physically consistent initial state that is fine-tuned for learning polymer properties.

Researchers demonstrate a compact photonic mmWave radar based on a 4-inch wafer-scale thin-film lithium niobate technology. Multi-target ranging with 1.50 cm resolution and velocity measurement with a resolution of 0.067 m s⁻¹ are achieved. An inverse synthetic aperture radar with a two-dimensional resolution of 1.50 cm × 1.06 cm is also demonstrated.

While Bell inequalities have been violated several times—mostly in photonic systems—their violations within particle physics experiments are less explored. Here, the BESIII Collaboration showcases Bell-violating nonlocal correlations between entangled hyperon pairs.

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is a tightly regulated process serving as a sustainable source of nitrogen (N) in agriculture. Here it is shown that external N sources precisely regulate N fixation efficiency by modulating iron transport in nodules of legumes.

The reasons for why hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unresponsive to anti-PD-1 inhibition in some patients is not fully understood. Here the authors use human samples and mice tumour models to implicate serum amyloid A and STAT3 signalling involvement in the resistance to anti-PD1 immunotherapy in HCC.

Processing heterogeneous visual data in edge-side intelligent machines is complex and inefficient. Here, the authors propose a hardware-software co-designed system using random resistive memory, achieving significant energy efficiency and training cost reductions.

This study examining blood transcriptomic, neuroimaging and clinical data in people with schizophrenia shows a relationship between individual variations in gene transcription, brain structure and cognitive performance.

A Phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled study evaluated novel GLP-1 analog ecnoglutide in adults with type 2 diabetes. Here we show that ecnoglutide significantly reduced HbA1c from baseline up to -2.39% compared to -0.55% for placebo (P<0.0001), with a safety profile similar to approved GLP-1 analogs.

Due to high rate of metastasis, lymphadenectomy is a cornerstone of the surgical treatment of gastric cancer however the accurate dissection of lymph nodes (LN) can be challenging. Here, the authors present the long-term outcomes of a randomised control trial investigating indocyanine green fluorescence image-guided LN retrieval in gastric cancer patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrectomy.

Methods to stratify patients according to mortality risk are essential to allocate limited heath resources during the COVID-19 crisis. Here, using machine learning methods, the authors present a mortality risk prediction model for COVID-19 that uses patients’ clinical data on admission to stratify patients by mortality risk.