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The spatiotemporal relationship between neuromodulator and neurotransmitter dynamics and neuronal activity remains unclear. Here, the authors performed dual-color imaging of calcium and ACh/5-HT signals across the fly brain, revealing a key role of ACh dynamics in stable odor representation.

Based on the ethylene climacteric at the onset of ripening, fleshy fruits can be classified as ethylene-dependent and ethylene-independent. Here, the authors assemble the genomes of both types of pears and reveal genetic basis for their formation.

Group 2 Innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) have been shown to promote type 2 immune responses. Here the authors show a TLR4⁺ILC2 population in type 2 airway diseases and that this population responds more vigorously to type 2 stimuli and contributes to persistence of type 2 immunity.

Genome assemblies of two allotetraploid cotton germplasms, Jin668 and YZ1, reveal the regulatory mechanisms underlying somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration, and provide potential for precise genome editing in cotton.

Homogeneous earth-abundant metal catalysis based on well-defined metal complexes is of interest for organic synthesis, but typically employs expensive catalysts, air sensitive or synthetically challenging chemicals. Here, the authors report an efficient and regio-selective catalytic system for hydroboration of vinylarenes and organic nitriles with HBPin, using commercially available CoI₂ and KO^tBu under ligand-free conditions.

Kinetic resolution allows to obtain enantioenriched compounds from racemic mixtures. Here, the authors report a synergistic magnesium catalyst promoting kinetic resolution of an intramolecular vinylogous Michael reaction to access [6.6.5]-tricyclic chiral skeletons.

Using Brachypodium distachyon as a wheat proxy, Wang et al. identified DUO-B1, an AP2/ERF transcription factor, regulating spike type in wheat. duo-B1 leads to increased yield under field conditions without affecting other major agronomic traits.

Immune checkpoint blockade therapy for cancer is promising, but delivery optimization is desirable. Here the authors generate cancer-targeting liposomes with anti-PD-L1 and doxorubicin for protease-mediated intratumoral release of both components, and see effective tumor control in mouse models, thereby hinting potential clinical translation.

The use of lung and colonic organoid systems to assess the susceptibility of lung and gut cells to SARS-CoV-2 and to screen FDA-approved drugs that have antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 is demonstrated.

Nonaromatic and nonconjugated fluorescent materials are promising for in vivo uses, but usually have low fluorescence quantum yields and limited responsiveness. Here, the authors report a polycysteine derived from natural amino acids that displays intrinsic fluorescence, color switching properties and applicability as a drug-free and self-reporting system for the theragnosis of osteoarthritis.

The performance of perovskite/organic tandem solar cells remains hampered by the energy losses of subcells and interconnecting layers (ICLs). Here, authors introduce pyridinium bromide perbromide into perovskites and employ a V₂O₅-based ICL, achieving a maximum efficiency of 25.1% in tandem devices.

Oncolytic HSV2 virus OH2 inhibits NSCLC metastasis by degrading β-catenin mRNA via the UL41 protein, uncovering a novel anti-invasive mechanism and therapeutic strategy for targeting β-catenin-driven tumor progression.

The multistep processes involved in the evolution of inflammation to invasive esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is unclear. Here, the authors report a mouse model of ESCC and the role of interplay between carcinogen-transformed epithelial cells and their microenvironment in ESCC development.

Genome synthesis is moving into the multicellular era. This study redesigned and replaced a 155 kb chromosomal region with synthetic sequence in the model moss Physcomitrium patens. The simplified sequence obtains the correct epigenetic landscape.

Bottleneck effects of plant barriers on pathogenic invasions remain unclear. Using a random barcoding approach, this study investigates how plant root permeability limits the invasion and population bottlenecks of a phytopathogenic Ralstonia.

Here, the authors use multi-omic data to reveal how genetic and epigenetic variation affects gene expression in two pig breeds. The findings highlight strong tissue-specific regulation and identify genes with allele-specific expression.

The utility of photosensitizers for cancer therapies is often hindered by a single photosensitizing mechanism, the need of multiple irradiations, and limited tumor penetration and retention. Here, the authors address these issues by developing an aggregation-induced emission luminogen bacteria hybrid bionic robot that enables multimodal imaging and therapy and activates anti-tumor immunity.

Responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in different populations are important to define efficacy. Here the authors show using a cohort in Singapore that two doses of mRNA vaccine is less effective in recipients over 60 years of age and that a further dose of vaccine can improve these antibody levels.

A multi-layer wafer-scale 2D gate-all-around system with an atomically smooth interface fabricated via epitaxial monolithic 3D integration shows good performance and power efficiency, holding promise for the forthcoming ångström technology node.

Lai and colleagues show that the RNA helicase DDX5 mediates the alternative splicing of the IL-36R mRNA in keratinocytes and modulates skin inflammation downstream of IL-17D signaling.

Monitoring the heterogeneity of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) and their phenotypic changes during treatment is a challenge. This study describes and tests a method for detection and quantitative heterogeneity analysis of melanoma CTCs in 10 stage-IV melanoma patients.

Innate immune responses are the first line of defence against viral pathogens. Here, Jiang et al show that the nuclear located 40S ribosomal protein SA senses viral nucleic acids to selectively enhance proinflammatory cytokine gene expression through epigenetic modification.

The role of human glioma IDH1 mutations in regulation of antiviral response is unclear. Here, the authors show that D2HG produced by mutant IDH1 inhibits IFN antiviral responses in glioma cells, which confers sensitivity to oncolytic virotherapy.

Dongxin Lin and colleagues report a genome-wide association study identifying common variants in SLC39A6 associated with length of survival in individuals with esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (ESCC). Higher expression of SLC39A6 in esophageal tissues was correlated reduced survival time in individuals with ESCC.

Ruthenium (Ru(II)) compounds are of interest as platinum drug replacements but have suffered from suboptimal therapeutic efficiency. Here, the authors design a Ru(II) metallacycle with NIR excitation and emission wavelengths and demonstrate application for deep tumour imaging and chemo-photo therapy.

There is a clinical need to monitor immune-related toxicities of immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Here, the authors develop a digital SERS platform for multiplexed single cytokine counting to track immune-toxicities and demonstrate the ability to use pre-screening to identify patients at higher risk.

Here, the authors compare the crystal structures and investigate the neutralization mechanisms of three neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and find that one antibody, P2C-1F11, closely mimics binding of receptor ACE2 and displays the most potent neutralizing activity in vitro, as well as conferring protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in Ad5-hACE2-sensitized mice.

Owing to advances in genome sequencing and editing, a genome can now be redesigned, synthesized and introduced into cells as desired. This Review discusses plant genome synthesis, highlighting bottom-up genome design, large-fragment assembly and site-directed targeting.

Chloroplast and whole-genome sequencing of a global germplasm panel of 355 Arachis accessions encompassing various species sheds light on the evolutionary history and phenotypic diversification of peanuts.