Gonadal disorders articles from across Nature Portfolio

This article outlines evidence pointing to an important contribution of endocrine-disrupting chemicals to increasing rates of female reproductive disorders such as abnormal puberty, impaired fertility, premature menopause or polycystic ovarian syndrome reported over the past half a century.

Testosterone replacement therapy is commonly used to treat symptomatic, laboratory-proven testosterone deficiency, but can have detrimental effects on spermatogenesis, which is troublesome in men of reproductive age. This Review describes therapeutic options for testosterone deficiency in the reproductive-aged males, discussing medical therapies with the potential to preserve or restore spermatogenesis in selected patients receiving testosterone replacement therapy.

Biomimetic endocrine implants bridge tissue engineering and reproductive medicine to offer adaptive and long-lasting hormone therapies for the treatment of ovarian premature insufficiency and menopause. Their clinical translation requires aligned regulatory, ethical and manufacturing pathways.