Fig. 4: SERS performance of prepared samples.

a SERS spectra of 4-ATP adsorbed on Cu2O MCs, Cu2O RMCs, Cu2O TMCs, Cu2O/g-C3N4-0.1–0.5 MPHs. b SERS signal intensity at 1438 cm−1. c SERS spectra of Cu2O/g-C3N4-0.2 MPH detecting MO at concentrations of 10-3 M and 10⁻6 M. d 3D SERS spectra for 25 points on 4-ATP using the Cu2O/g-C3N4-0.2 MPH. e, f The intensity deviation histograms for SERS intensity at 1078 cm−1 and 1390 cm−1 across the 25 points, respectively. g 3D SERS spectra obtained from separate measurements of MO using five batches of Cu2O/g-C3N4-0.2 MPH prepared at different times. h The intensity deviation histograms at 1361 cm−1, illustrating the variation in peak intensity across the five batches