Fig. 2: Comparative analysis of the prediction results produced by the two-class and three-class models.

The loss functions of the cell detection model on the training dataset (a–c) and test dataset (d–f). g The confusion matrix of the three-class model. h Cell category recognition performance comparison between two-class and three-class models. i–k The red boxes indicate the droplets predicted by the model, the pink boxes represent the cells predicted by the model, and the orange boxes denote the oil bubbles predicted by the model