Fig. 4: Model generalizability testing.

a The model’s predictions were evaluated across different AM-DMF chip backgrounds. The precision metric function (b), the recall metric function (c), the mAP function at 0.5 IoU (d), the mAP function at 0.75 IoU (e), and the mAP function at a range of 0.5–0.95 IoU (f) of the model on the test dataset. g Model performance metrics values