Fig. 4
From: Aptamers-based wearable electrochemical sensors for continuous monitoring of biomarkers in vivo
Illustration of various aptamers-based electrochemical sensing modalities. a Changes in electrode surface impedance. b Direct capture signal transduction using electrochemically active substances. c Competitive release signal transduction using electrochemically active substances. d Aptamer-based sensor to perform electrochemical quantification of insulin in ISF using impedance changes on the electrode surface. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier (2025)65. e Aptamer-based direct capture strategy for continuous antibiotic monitoring. Reproduced with permission from American Association for the Advancement of Science (2022)62. f In situ sweat estradiol detection via target-induced displacement of aptamer chains. Reproduced with permission from Springer Nature (2023)61
