Fig. 8
From: Aptamers-based wearable electrochemical sensors for continuous monitoring of biomarkers in vivo
Aptamers-based microneedle patch sensors for monitoring large molecules in interstitial fluid. a, b Wearable electrochemical aptamer sensor based on high-density microneedle arrays for detection of insulin in ISF. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier (2025)65. a Photograph of polymeric MNA-based electrode about wearable electrochemical biosensor based on a high-density microneedle array. b Principle and application of electrochemical biosensor based on microneedle array for insulin detection in ISF. c–e Aptamer-based active reset electrochemical sensor with high sensitivity and specificity for real-time measurement of proteins. Reproduced with permission from American Association for the Advancement of Science (2024)70. c Schematic of fabricated microneedle for actively resetting electrochemical sensor. d Principle diagram of reagentless analysis of protein biomarkers based on aptamer-based molecular pendulum. e Schematic of the implanted actively resetting electrochemical sensor mounted on a rat for real-time, in vivo cytokine monitoring
