Fig. 2: Schematic diagram and simulation results showing the boundary conditions, structural constraints, and thermal–mechanical responses of cantilevered, double-cantilevered, and planar structures.

(a–c) Temperature distribution, (d–f) thermal stress distribution, and (g–i) thermal flux distribution. Boundary conditions were set at 800 °C for the center temperature and 20 °C for the circumference, and simulations were performed with the circumference fixed as a constraint condition. The average element size of the mesh was 0.5 mm, using absolute size