Fig. 2: Finite element analyses of electric field distribution without/with local ground electrode activation. | Microsystems & Nanoengineering

Fig. 2: Finite element analyses of electric field distribution without/with local ground electrode activation.

From: A three-dimensional bipolar microneedle electrode array with local ground integrated at each sidewall for enhanced focal electric stimulation

Fig. 2: Finite element analyses of electric field distribution without/with local ground electrode activation.

a Computational model of a bipolar electrode array, including the structure of a single bipolar electrode (ai), an array of seven bipolar electrodes within a simulation domain (aii), and a cross-sectional view of three bipolar electrodes.Simulated current flow and density distribution without (b) and with (c) local ground activation. Each result indicates the cross-sectional current flow and density (bi, ci); and three-dimensional current density heat map of 5 μm above the microtip electrode (bii, cii), at the middle of the local ground electrode (biii and ciii), and 5 μm above the substrate (biv, civ) corresponding to a black dashed line in aiii

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