Fig. 6: Potential applications of MEMS magnetic field sensors.

a PINS (personal inertial navigation system) using shoes with integrated MEMS-based 9-DOF (degree-of-freedom) IMUs (inertial measurement units) and GRSA (ground reaction sensor array)⁹⁷. b Smart parking management system (SPMS) architecture provides roadside parking space information using a 3-axis magnetic field sensor⁹⁹. c Robotic arm with six attitude-measurement MEMS sensors¹⁰¹. d Real-time gesture capture by configuring a data glove system¹⁰². e A portable sensor system that uses magnets and magnetic field sensors to monitor the driver’s unbalanced head posture in driving situations¹⁰³. f Concept and prototype of a wearable intra-oral magnetic sensing system for continuous jaw-motion tracking using small permanent magnets and IMUs with three-axis magnetometers. g Three-dimensional schematic showing the spatial arrangement of the high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission lines and magnetic field sensors¹⁰⁴