Fig. 2: Single cell, cell pair, and aligned monolayer models.
a Actin alignment is regulated by myocyte shape but not matrix elasticity, sarcomere content is dependent on myocyte shape and matrix elasticity (scale bars = 10 µm). Reproduced with permission16. Copyright 2014, The American Physiological Society. b CMs on circular and rectangular microcontact printed ECM island (scale bars = 10 µm). Reproduced with permission15. Copyright 2008, John Wiley and Sons. c (Top) cell–cell junctions had sigmoid-like contours. (Bottom) regulation of displacement, traction stress, and focal adhesion formation by substrate stiffness (scale bars = 10 µm). Reproduced with permission17. Copyright 2012, The National Academy of Sciences. d (Left) Engineering anisotropic cardiac tissues with micro-molded gelatin hydrogels. (Right) Extended culture of human iPSC-derived cardiac myocytes on micro-molded gelatin MTFs [scale bars = 10 µm (top-left), 1 mm (top-right), 10 µm (bottom)]. Reproduced with permission18. Copyright 2014, Elsevier. e Muscular bilayer construct showing representative mesoarchitecture and microarchitecture. Body kinematics and hydrodynamics of the biohybrid fish during one and a half tail-beat cycles [scale bars = 50 µm (top), 5 mm (bottom)]. Reproduced with permission22. Copyright 2022, The American Association for the Advancement of Science. f Calcium wavefront isochrone maps (scale bars = 50 µm). Reproduced with permission23. Copyright 2023, Elsevier. ACM arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, AR aspect ratio, ChR2 channelrhodopsin-2, CM cardiomyocyte, E elastic modulus, ECM extracellular matrix, MTF muscular thin film, Veh vehicle, WT wild type
