Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to the levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate.
Variables | Group I | Group II | |
|---|---|---|---|
Total (n= 453) | βHB<0.050 (n= 240) | 0.050 ≤βHB (n= 213) | |
Demographics | |||
Age (years) | 53.8 (9.6) | 54.1(9.6) | 53.5 (9.7) |
<45 (n, %) | 85 (18.8) | 44 (18.3) | 41 (19.2) |
45-55 (n, %) | 151 (33.3) | 79 (32.9) | 72 (33.8) |
55-65 (n, %) | 154 (34.0) | 82 (34.2) | 72 (33.8) |
65-75 (n, %) | 59 (13.0) | 32 (13.3) | 27 (12.7) |
≥75 (n, %) | 4 (0.9) | 3 (1.3) | 1 (0.5) |
Male (n, %) | 215 (47.5) | 119 (50.0) | 96 (45.1) |
Body mass index, (kg/m2) | 24.9 (3.0) | 25.1 (2.7) | 24.8 (3.2) |
<18.5 (n, %) | 6 (1.3) | 1 (0.5) | 5 (2.3) |
18.5-25.0 (n, %) | 230 (50.8) | 119 (50.0) | 111 (52.1) |
25.0-30.0 (n, %) | 194 (42.8) | 108 (4.5) | 86 (40.4) |
30.0-35.0 (n, %) | 20 (4.4) | 12 (5.0) | 8 (3.8) |
≥35.0 (n, %) | 3 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.4) |
HTN (n, %) | 138 (30.5) | 71 (30.0) | 67 (31.5) |
CVD (n, %) | 32 (7.1) | 19 (7.9) | 13 (6.1) |
Family history of T2D | 99 (21.9) | 51 (21.3) | 48 (22.5) |
Laboratory indices | |||
HbA1c (%) | 5.8 (0.3) | 5.8 (0.4) | 5.8 (0.3) |
<6.0 (n, %) | 300 (66.2) | 152 (63.3) | 148 (69.5) |
≥6.0 (n, %) | 153 (33.8) | 88 (36.7) | 65 (30.5) |
FPG (mg/dL) | 105.6 (5.6) | 105.6 (5.8) | 105.6 (5.4) |
<110 (n, %) | 364 (80.4) | 190 (79.2) | 174 (81.7) |
≥110 (n, %) | 89 (19.6) | 50 (20.8) | 39 (18.3) |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 199.1 (31.3) | 199.3 (36.3) | 199.0 (35.6) |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 54.2 (13.5) | 53.7 (12.7) | 54.8 (14.3) |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 119.9 (31.3) | 118.9 (30.4) | 121.1 (32.3) |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 158.7 (130.0) | 176.2 (162.2) | 139.1 (75.0) |
GGT (IU/L) | 41.4 (45.5) | 43.0 (46.8) | 39.6 (44.1) |
Social history | |||
Ever smoker (n, %)† | 180 (39.7) | 98 (40.8) | 82 (38.5) |
Alcohol consumption (No vs. Yes) | 289 (63.8) | 156 (65.0) | 133 (62.4) |
Physical activity (Yes vs. No) | 157 (34.7) | 80 (33.3) | 77 (36.2) |
