Table 2 Hazard ratios for progression to T2D.

From: Association between serum beta-hydroxybutyrate levels and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with impaired fasting glucose

Type 2 diabetes mellitus Progression vs. Non-progression

Unadjusted

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Hazard ratio with 95% CI

p-value

Hazard ratio with 95% CI

p-value

Hazard ratio with 95% CI

p-value

Hazard ratio with 95% CI

p-value

Beta-hydroxybutyrate (0.05 ≤β-HB)

0.69 (0.46–1.02)

0.06

0.69 (0.47–1.03)

0.06

0.68 (0.46-1.01)

0.05

0.70 (0.47–1.04)

0.07

Age (years)

1.02 (0.99–1.04)

0.07

1.02 (0.99–1.04)

0.12

1.01 (0.99-1.03)

0.50

1.02 (0.99–1.04)

0.24

Male sex

1.20 (0.81–1.77)

0.36

1.23 (0.82–1.85)

0.32

1.38 (0.90-2.11)

0.14

1.16 (0.61–2.20)

0.64

Body mass index, (kg/m2)

1.05 (0.99–1.12)

0.12

1.06 (0.99–1.13)

0.07

1.05 (0.98-1.12)

0.17

1.07 (0.99–1.15)

0.07

Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)

1.09 (1.06–1.12)

<0.01

  

1.09 (1.06-1.12)

<0.01

1.09 (1.06–1.12)

<0.01

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

0.99 (0.98–1.01)

0.31

  

0.99 (0.98-1.01)

0.48

0.99 (0.98–1.01)

0.44

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

1.00 (0.99–1.00)

0.44

  

1.00 (0.99-1.00)

0.87

1.00 (0.99–1.00)

0.81

Family history of DM (Yes vs. No)

1.61 (1.06–2.46)

0.03

    

1.74 (1.12–2.70)

0.01

Hypertension (Yes vs. No)

1.05 (0.69–1.59)

0.83

    

0.76 (0.47–1.20)

0.24

Smoking history (Yes vs. No)

0.80 (0.53–1.19)

0.27

    

0.80 (0.42–1.50)

0.48

Alcohol consumption (No vs. Yes)

0.83 (0.56–1.23)

0.35

    

0.87 (0.52–1.44)

0.58

Physical activity (Yes vs. No)

0.87 (0.58–1.30)

0.49

    

0.82 (0.54–1.24)

0.33

  1. Model 1 was unadjusted. Model 2 was adjusted for age, sex, and BMI. Model 3 was further adjusted for fasting plasma glucose, HDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride. Model 4 was further adjusted for family history of DM, hypertension, smoking history, alcohol consumption, and physical activity.
  2. Bold values indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05) or p-values between 0.05 and 0.10.
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