Table 1 Baseline characteristics and signs and symptoms.
Author, year | Country | Study type | Number of cases | Age (years) | Duration | Erectile symptoms | Penile symptoms | Ejaculatory symptoms | Perineal/prostate/pelvic symptoms | Urinary symptoms | Psychological symptoms | Other symptoms | Potential cause | Clinical examination |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pang et al. [15] | China | Case report | 3 | 29 | 4 years (progressed past 4 months) | ED, decreased libido | Penile pain, glans coldness and numbness | No | Perineal pain | Mixed LUTS (frequency, urgency, weak stream, straining) | Anxiety | None | Aggressive masturbation, psychological, RLT | Shrunken penis. Tenderness in penile base. Soft glans |
29 | 3.5 months | ED, decreased libido | Semi-rigid penis, soft/numb glans | Not ejaculated since onset of symptoms | Penile and perineal “tightness” | None | Anxiety | None | Penile skin abrasion from shaving, psychological, RLT, TEAT | Firm penis, soft glans, dorsal mid shaft scar tissue | ||||
Gul et al. [2] | Turkey | Case series | 4 | 34 | 3 months | ED, decreased libido | Decreased sensitivity and coldness of glans | Painful ejaculation | NR | NR | Anxiety | None | Aggressive masturbation, marijuana | Hardness right base of penis |
26 | 3 months | ED | Soft and cold glans | NR | NR | NR | Anxiety | None | Trauma during sexual intercourse | Unremarkable | ||||
31 | 3.5 months | ED | NR | NR | NR | Weak urinary stream | NR | None | Jelqing, aggressive masturbation, history of PD | PD: Tenderness in the proximal penile crura, dorsal penile plaque | ||||
22 | 2 days | ED, decreased libido | Numb or stinging | NR | NR | NR | NR | None | Jelqing, aggressive masturbation | Unremarkable | ||||
Nico et al. [9] | USA | Case report (congress abstract) | 1 | 16 | “several months” | “HFS associated symptoms” | Penile and testicular pain and numbness | NR | NR | NR | NR | None | Masturbation | NR |
Sullivan et al. [17] | USA | Congress abstract | 88 | Mean 28 (SD, 12) | Mean 14 (SD, 20) | ED (100%) | NR | NR | NR | NR | 66 (75%) depression or anxiety | NR | NR | Hypertonic flaccid penis, normal neurology |
Goldstein and Komisaruk, [4] | USA | Case report | 1 | 18 | 4 months | ED and HFS | Decreased penis and glans sensation. Smaller, firmer, painful flaccid penis | NR | NR | NR | Depression | None | Lumbar disc protrusion with annular tear | Firm flaccid penis, abnormal neurogenital testing |
Billis et al. [8] | Greece | Case report | 1 | 30 | 6 months | ED, decreased libido | Pain in the base of penis, changes in penile shape | None | Perineal pain, coldness and dysethesia, stiffness, coldness and dysethesia in pelvic floor muscles | LUTS: pain during urination, incomplete bladder emptying, increased urinary frequency | Anxious, worried, interrupted sexual and physical activity | None | Intense sexual intercourse | Tightness in abdominal and external perineal muscles on palpation. Tightness and pain in posterior pelvic floor muscles on DRE |
Yazar et al. [7] | USA | Case report | 1 | 36 | NR | ED, decreased libido | “sensory issues”, penile pain | NR | Perineal and pelvic pain | NR | NR | None | Skin stretching exercises induced pain | Unremarkable |
Goldstein et al. [16] | USA | Congress abstract | 21 | Mean 28 (range 19–42) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 38% had low back pain and lower extremity sciatica | Lumbosacral annular tears | NR |
