Fig. 2: Comparison of pre- and post-fire vegetation index values and rainfall-runoff responses.

A Enhanced vegetation index (EVI) values from a 15-year period pre-fire in the Gallinas and Sapello watersheds deviate from 2022 post-fire values. B Example of three post-fire rainfall-runoff event responses observed at sampling location P226 between July and September 2022 that were better simulated C–E by HEC-HMS models using post-fire watershed parameters (see section “Methods”). P226 is located 26 km downstream from the headwaters of Gallinas Creek. Annual exceedance probabilities (AEPs) for 5-min rainfall (data source = NOAA Atlas 14) and instantaneous discharge (data source = USGS Streamstats) are shown for reference.