Fig. 6: Boreal winter stationary waves simulated by ERA5-reanalysis and climate models. | Nature Communications

Fig. 6: Boreal winter stationary waves simulated by ERA5-reanalysis and climate models.

From: The driving of North American climate extremes by North Pacific stationary-transient wave interference

Fig. 6

The climatological stationary waves, shown in the 250-hPa streamfunction field, during the recent historical winters (1979/1980–2019/2020 DJF) derived from (A) the ERA5 reanalysis, (B) SPEAR 30-ensemble-member mean, (C) CMIP6 19-multi-model mean. For (B) and (C), the root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of the model response against ERA5 is shown at the bottom left of the panel. The climatological stationary waves during the late twenty-first century winters (2059/2060–2099/2100 DJF) (D) derived from SPEAR 30-ensemble-member mean and (E) CMIP6 19-multi-model mean. Differences between the two epochs derived from (F) SPEAR 30-ensemble-member mean and (G) CMIP6 19-multi-model mean. In (F), the differences statistically significant at the 1% level, based on a two-sided t-test, are plotted. In (G), stippling indicates areas that 15 out of 19 models agree on the sign of the change. Its spatial pattern correlation against the SPEAR 30-ensemble-member mean is shown at the bottom right of the panel.

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