Fig. 4: Catalytic performance for CO2 hydrogenation.

a The CO2 conversion and CO selectivity for 10Ni/TiO2-OH and 10Ni/TiO2-Ref1 catalysts under the GHSV of 400,000 mL gcat–1 h–1. b Comparison of CO selectivity at 500 °C within relative comparable CO2 conversion rates for 10Ni/TiO2-OH, 10Ni/TiO2-Ref1 and 10Ni/TiO2-Ref1 after calcination at 500 °C and H2 pretreatment at 500 °C (10Ni/TiO2-Ref1-500). c CO2 conversion rates versus CO selectivity reported non-Cu based catalyst for CH4 production (blue triangles, SelCO < 50%) and CO production (red squares, SelCO > 50%), and this work (red circle) at 400 °C. Inset: comparison of CO yield rates over 10Ni/TiO2-OH catalysts and Cu-based catalysts at 500 °C. d The long-term stability of the 10Ni/TiO2-OH catalyst tested for 300 h at 600 °C (GHSV = 800,000 mL gcat−1 h−1).