Fig. 4: The integration of the enzyme-engineered bacterial consortia for generating electricity in MFC.

a CVs of the CC/MWCNTs/E.coli-Lac biocathode in 100 mM Na₂HPO₄-citric acid buffer (pH 5.0) under N₂-saturated atmosphere without ABTS (black line), and in the presence of 0.5 mM ABTS under N₂-saturated (red line) and under oxygen-saturated atmosphere (blue line). Scan rate: 10 mV s⁻¹. b CVs of CC in electrolyte solution (black line); CC/bacterial consortia in electrolyte solution containing xylan (1 g/L) and NAD⁺ (4 mM) (red line); CC/MWCNTs/bacterial consortia in electrolyte solution containing xylan (1 g/L) and NAD⁺ (4 mM) (blue line); CC/MWCNTs in electrolyte solution containing AQDS (10 mM) (green line). CC/MWCNTs/bacterial consortia in electrolyte solution containing xylan (1 g/L), NAD⁺ (4 mM) and AQDS (10 mM) (purple line). The electrolyte solution is 100 mM Tris–HCl buffer (pH 7.0) containing 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl₂, and 10 mM CaCl₂. Scan rate: 10 mV s⁻¹. c Profiles of potential versus current density (j). MFC consisting of CC/MWCNTs/bacterial consortia bioanode and CC/MWCNTs/E.coli-Lac cathode, which contain 10 mM of AQDS in the anodic chamber (peach pink line). MFC consisting of CC/MWCNTs bioanode and CC/MWCNTs/E.coli-Lac cathode, which contained bacterial consortia and 1 mM of AQDS in the anodic chamber (blue line). MFC consisting of CC/MWCNTs/bacterial consortia and CC/MWCNTs/E.coli-Lac biocathode, which contained 1 mM of AQDS in the anodic chamber (light green line). d Profiles of power density dependent on different bioanodes, which are the same as c. Scan rate: 1 mV s⁻¹. CC carbon cloth. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.