Fig. 3: SoLs are decreased in a mouse model of colitis concurrent with increased expression of inflammatory markers.
a Histological analysis of the mouse distal colon reveals that piroxicam treatment induced intestinal inflammation in Il10–/–- mice. b, c Histology and gross pathology scores indicate induction of colitis in Il10–/– mice treated with piroxicam (red bars, n = 7 female mice) compared to pre-IBD control Il10–/– mice (green bars, n = 4 female mice), confirming the successful establishment of the IBD model. The trends were consistent in male mice in another independent cohort using the same IBD model (Supplementary Fig. 10). Significance was determined using two-sided Mann-Whitney U test. Bars represent mean ± standard error. Exact p-values were 0.02037 and 0.01951 for Histology Score and Gross Pathology, respectively. d Total ion chromatograms (TICs) obtained from HPLC-HRMS analysis of fecal pellet extracts from control Il10–/– mice and Il10–/– + piroxicam mice reveal the presence of SoL A and SoL B. SoL abundances appear to be decreased in Il10–/– + piroxicam mice fecal pellets. e MS/MS spectra of SoLs A and B confirm their identities based on the presence of the 80 m/z fragment characteristic of sulfonate-containing compounds as well as other characteristic fragments (Supplementary Fig. 9a, b) and compared to literature fragmentation patterns16,22. f, g Peak areas were calculated using TICs obtained after MS/MS fragmentation and used to measure the abundance of SoLs A and B. Both SoLs A and B were significantly decreased in feces from inflamed mice (red bars, n = 7, female) compared to control mice (green bars, n = 4, female). Significance was determined using two-sided Student’s t-test. Bars represent mean ± standard error. Exact p values were 5.42E-5 and 0.01472 for SoL A and SoL B, respectively. h–k Gene expression of inflammatory markers TNFα, NOS2, IL-6, and IL-1β were significantly increased in the ceca of Il10–/– + piroxicam mice (red bars, n = 7, female) compared to control mice (green bars, n = 4, female). Significance was determined using two-sided Mann-Whitney U test. Bars represent mean ± standard error. Exact p values were 0.0061, 0.0061, 0.0061, and 0.0424 for TNFα, NOS2, IL-6, and IL-1β respectively. For all p values: *0.01 <p < 0.05, **0.001 <p < 0.01, and ****p < 0.0001. Source data are provided in the Source Data file.
