Fig. 5: Comparison of Nd isotope composition and benthic δ13C proxies since earliest Miocene.
From: South China Sea records Late Miocene reorganization of western Pacific deep circulation

a εNd (t) values derived from fish tooth and ferromanganese nodules of ODP Site 80732, IODP Site U14385, core D137-144, IODP Site 149938, core 05E10764, core DODO 232D39, and ODP Site 7588. Modern εNd (t) values in deep (>2000 m depth) North and South Pacific65 and NE Indian Ocean8,66 are shown. b, c Benthic δ13C proxies from IODP Site 144335, ODP Site 80734, ODP Site 28930,33, ODP Site 114813, ODP Sites 757 and 75853, and global ocean composite record1. d Major gateway tectonics and climate events since earliest Miocene1,3. Location of drilling sites are shown in Fig. 1 (NH - Northern Hemisphere; N-pac - North Pacific; S-pac - South Pacific; Pleist. - Pleistocene; Plio. - Pliocene).