Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of deep learning-assisted SAD of copper ions based on click chemistry and FSV.

a Target-triggered click chemistry reaction. The reduction of Cu2+ to Cu+ in the sample triggers a click chemistry reaction between the signal unit and the Azide-Fe3O4, resulting in the formation of a complex signal unit-Fe3O4. b Electrochemical sensor. The complex signal unit-Fe3O4 is adsorbed onto the magnetic glassy carbon electrode (MGCE) surface under the action of magnetic force. c FSV detection. At a scan rate of 400 V s−1, the in-situ redox reaction of AgNPs generates electrochemical signals. d Deep learning method for SAD of copper ions. Deep learning enables the distinction between positive and negative signals. BPNS: black phosphorus nanosheet.