Table 7 Multivariable associations between potential risk factors and Brucella seropositivity among members of 203 livestock owning households in southern Jordan using logistic regression analysis with household as a random effect, likelihood ratio test

From: Camel milk is a neglected source of brucellosis among rural Arab communities

Variable*¶

Category

A–priori adjusted OR (95% CI)1

p value

Fully adjusted OR

(95% CI)2

p value

Sex

Female

0.71

0.42–1.18

0.19

0.86

0.51–1.45

0.57

Age

5–15

1.00

 

0.25

1.00

 

0.12

>15–25

2.32

1.09–4.94

 

2.02

1.01–4.15

 

>25–40

1.40

0.61–3.25

 

0.96

0.44–2.08

 

>40–60

1.78

0.79–4.01

 

1.46

0.68–3.17

 

>60

1.28

0.46–3.61

 

0.88

0.33–2.20

 

Region

Ma’an

5.51

2.53–12.03

<0.0001

3.27

1.86–6.07

<0.0001

Primary dwelling tent

Yes

2.25

1.15–4.42

0.018

1.52

0.92–2.51

0.10

Household own sheep

No

1.00

 

0.065

1.00

 

0.43

 

1–50

1.85

0.73–4.66

 

1.22

0.63–2.41

 
 

>50

3.04

1.19–7.72

 

1.52

0.80–2.98

 

Birthing camels

Yes

1.45

0.80–2.62

0.22

0.88

0.50–1.54

0.65

Birthing small ruminants

Yes

2.45

1.31–4.58

0.0050

1.87

1.02–3.39

0.044

Frequently (≥weekly) working with livestock

Yes

2.02

1.02–4.03

0.045

1.30

0.68–2.58

0.43

Handwashing ≤5 times daily

Yes

0.57

0.34–0.98

0.041

0.64

0.39–1.04

0.069

Drinking camel milk

Rarely/never

1.00

 

0.0012

1.00

 

0.016

 

Weekly/monthly

1.12

0.51–2.45

 

1.02

0.48–2.06

 
 

Daily

3.26

1.66–6.41

 

2.19

1.23–3.94

 

Consuming small ruminant dairy products

Rarely/never

1.00

 

0.088

1.00

 

0.65

Weekly/monthly

1.39

0.72–2.67

 

1.11

0.60–1.99

 

Daily

2.46

1.08–5.63

 

1.43

0.66–2.97

 

Drinking raw sheep or goat milk†

Rarely/never

1.00

 

0.0047

1.00

 

0.071

Weekly/monthly

2.32

1.07–5.05

 

1.93

0.92–3.82

 

Daily

3.15

1.43–6.93

 

1.96

0.95–3.93

 

Frequently working with livestock (≥weekly) and handwashing frequency‡

Not frequently working with livestock

1.00

 

0.0063

1.00

 

0.047

Frequently working with livestock & hand washing >5 times/day

1.45

0.68–3.07

 

0.94

0.46–1.95

 
 

Frequently working with livestock & hand washing ≤5 times/day

3.03

1.42–6.47

 

1.82

0.90–3.77

 
  1. 1 Adjusted for a–priori variables: age, sex.
  2. 2 Adjusted for a–priori variables age, sex, region, household dwelling type, owning sheep, drinking camel milk, consuming small ruminant dairy products, birthing small ruminants and birthing camels.
  3. * In the last 12 months (with exception of age and sex).
  4. † Due to collinearity (Pearson R coefficient ≥0.4) with consumption of raw sheep or goat dairy products this variable was tested in separate multivariable model in place of consumption of raw sheep or goat dairy products. In this model drinking raw camel milk, birthing small ruminants and region continued to demonstrate significant association (p< 0.05) with Brucella seropositive status.
  5. ‡ Due to collinearity (Pearson R coefficient ≥0.4) with the variables frequently working with livestock and handwashing >5 day, this variable was tested in separate multivariable model in place of frequently working with livestock and handwashing >5 day. In this model drinking raw camel milk, birthing small ruminants and region continued to demonstrate significant association (p < 0.05) with Brucella seropositive status.
  6. 865 observations in all models.
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