Fig. 1: Schematic demonstration of electro-driven lithium extraction and lithium hydroxide conversion process.

a Demonstration of the process train of lithium extraction from geothermal brine; b demonstration of IDI lithium extraction process from brines (Inset: crystal structure of LiFePO4 for lithium intercalation); c demonstration of IDI lithium chloride release process, and d BMED for LiOH solution production. CEM indicates cation exchange membrane and BPM indicates bipolar membrane.