Fig. 5: Tailored minimum TOTB determination and applications of ITAS.

a An illustration of the flow of takeover experiment. b–d Takeover performance of non-driving behaviors (including Wheel, No Operation, Console, Smoke, Drink, Phone, Phone, and Smoke) under different TOTBs of Participants A, B, and C. e The interface of ITAS. f–h Comparison of takeover performance of three participants in conditions with and without ITAS.