Fig. 1: Environmental MNV-infected Ncf190H mice develop lupus.
a Timeline of the MNV infection experiment with male BALB/c. Ncf190H mice after transferring from the SPF facility to the MNV-infected facility (day 1). b The representative appearance of arthritis in the ankle of hind paws on day 49 and mean arthritis scores from days 1 to 56 (n = 8 per group). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and presented as mean ± SEM. c The levels of proteinuria (n = 8 per group). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and presented as mean ± SEM. d The level of anti-dsDNA, anti-Sm/RNP, anti-phospholipid (anti-PLs) specific antibodies, and β2-GP1 on day 56 (n = 8 per group). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and presented as mean ± SEM. e Correlation with anti-MNV antibodies (OD): maximum arthritis score (p = 0.0138), proteinuria (p = 0.0049), anti-dsDNA antibodies (p = 0.0055) in Ncf190H mice on day 56 post of MNV infection (n = 8 per group). Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation test. f Enlarged spleen and spleen index in mice (n = 7/group). The spleen index is defined by the spleen weight (mg) divided by the body weight (g) and then multiplied by 10 (n = 8 per group). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and presented as mean ± SEM. g Representative H&E stained joint and kidney sections (magnification x 10). Histological scoring of joint and kidney inflammation using a scale of 0-3 (n = 8 per group). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and presented as mean ± SEM. h Immunofluorescence images (magnification x 20) and histology scores of deposits of IgG and C3 in the glomerulus from wild-type (WT) R90 and 90H mice on day 56 (n = 4 per group). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and presented as mean ± SEM. i Relative expression of Ifnα and anti-viral ISGs (Irf1, Irf7, Stat1, Mx1, Ip10 and Isg15) within spleens (n = 4 per group). Data were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test (two-tailed) and presented as mean ± SEM. j Relative expression of Ifnα and anti-viral ISGs (Irf1, Irf7, Stat1, Mx1, Ip10 and Isg15) within kidneys. The expression of mRNAs was normalized to the housekeeping gene β-actin (n = 4 per group). Data were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test (two-tailed) and presented as mean ± SEM. k Immunoblot analysis of p-JAK1/JAK1 and p-STAT1/STAT1 proteins in the kidneys on day 56 after MNV infection (n = 6 per group). Data were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test (two-tailed) and presented as mean ± SEM.
