Fig. 1: Glutaminolysis in adipose tissue correlates with obesity and IL-1β.

a–f Metabolite detection and correlation analysis of white adipose tissue of human subjects. The ratio of α-ketoglutarate to glutamine (a), succinate to glutamine (c), fumarate to glutamine (e) in subcutaneous white adipose tissue, and correlation analysis between the ratio of α-ketoglutarate to glutamine (b), succinate to glutamine (d), fumarate to glutamine (f) in subcutaneous white adipose tissue and BMI value (n (BMI < 25) = 12 research objects, n (BMI > 25) = 10 research objects). g Reanalysis of the proteins correlated with glutamine in the obese cohort of the Jackson Heart Study from a published study²², a total of 58 proteins (screen criteria: p value < 0.05 and p value adjusted for BMI > 0.05 in Table S4 of this study) were identified as potential contributors to obesity development. Gene Ontology analysis revealed significant enrichment in the inflammatory response and Interleukin-1 response among glutamine-correlated proteins. h Protein-protein Interaction analysis of the network of glutamine-related proteins in Fig. 1g through STRING, the red globules represent proteins associated with the inflammatory response. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM, and groups were compared by the unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test (a, c, e). linear regression analysis to assess the relationship between the variables, the significance of the regression models was evaluated using F-tests, these tests were conducted as two-sided tests to determine whether there were any significant differences or associations between the variables, a limited number of regression analyses was performed, and thus, no adjustments for multiple comparisons were deemed necessary (b, d, f). P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.