Fig. 1: Synthesis diagram and water-soluble properties of LAAM GSH-CQDs.

a A synthesis diagram of LAAM GSH-CQDs. b A schematic diagram showing the structure of LAAM GSH-CQDs. c Photos of 500 mL reactor and LAAM GSH-CQD powder. d The UV-vis absorption and PL emission (excitation at 420 nm) spectra of LAAM GSH-CQDs, and insets are photos of LAAM GSH-CQDs under daylight and 365 nm UV light. e A photo of LAAM GSH-CQDs at a concentration of 2.0 g mL⁻¹ in water, the PL spectra of water-soluble LAAM GSH-CQDs at different heights, photos of LAAM GSH-CQDs at a concentration of 10 mg mL⁻¹ after storing at 25 °C for 10 months, the water-soluble property of LAAM GSH-GQDs: photos of LAAM GSH-CQDs at a concentration of 10 mg mL⁻¹ after adding electrolyte of 0.1 g NaCl, NH₄Cl, Na₂SO₄, or NaNO₃, heating to 100 °C, or centrifugating at a speed of 10000 × g for 3 min, and photos of contact angle measurements of LAAM GSH-CQDs using water and diiodomethane as the testing solvents. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.