Fig. 6: Universality of hyperhysteresis-mediated mechanical training strategy and application demonstrations.

A PEG (Mn = 200) as hyperhysteretic intermediate to perform mechanical training. B Summarized average results of MTR index of SN–O and MTE index of DN–O with 6 times freeze-thawed cycles, trained strain of 250% and trained time of 10 min. A comparison of SN–H, SN–O and DN–O for PEG as substituted solvent in terms of (C) stress–strain curves and (D) Young’s moduli and tensile strengths, exhibiting substantially reinforced mechanical performances. Inset, magnification of the tensile curve of SN–H. Data were presented as mean ± SD (n = 5 independent samples). E Gly as hyperhysteretic intermediate to perform mechanical training. F Summarized average results of MTR index of SN–O and MTE index of DN–O with 6 times freeze-thawed cycles, trained strain of 300% and trained time of 10 min. A comparison of SN–H, SN–O and DN–O for Gly as substituted solvent in terms of (G) stress–strain curves and (H) Young’s moduli and tensile strengths, exhibiting substantially reinforced mechanical performances. Inset, magnification of the tensile curve of SN–H. Data were presented as mean ± SD (n = 5 independent samples). Application demonstrations in (I) thermal environments and (J) piezoinoic machines for high-bearing, or high impact-resistance engineering soft materials. Voltage (K) and current responses (L) under repeated step impact at a pressure of 1.5 MPa.