Fig. 7: Comparison of most promising bimetallic and trimetallic single-atom alloys.

a surface energy, \(\gamma\) (J·m-2), b hydrogen adsorption energy, \({E}_{{{ads},}_{H}}\), and c carbon adsorption energy, \({E}_{{{ads},}_{C}}\). Inserted figures denote the optimized configurations. Color coding: Ni (Blue), M1 (Yellow), M2 (Pink), H (white), C (gray). Insets show the active sites and adsorbates simulated conformations for each system.