Fig. 5: Surface properties of catalysts and kinetics of photocatalytic CH4 oxidation.

a, b O2-TPD-MS profiles (a) and NH3-TPD-MS profiles (b) of Au/ZnO and Au/1%CeO2/ZnO. c, d Effects of CH4 (c) and O2 (d) partial pressure on photocatalytic CH4 conversion rate. Reaction condition: 20 mg photocatalyst, atmospheric pressure, 100 mL min−1 total flow rate balanced by N2. e, f Photocatalytic CH4 conversion rates on Au/ZnO and Au/1%CeO2/ZnO under (e) CH4/CD4 + O2 and f CH4 + 16O2/18O2. Reaction condition: 20 mg photocatalyst, 20 mL min−1 CH4/CD4, 1 mL min−1 16O2/18O2, 29 mL min−1 N2. Error bars represent standard deviations obtained from three independent measurements.