Fig. 2: Structural characterizations for biomass-derived SAC catalysts.

a–c TEM images of the CA-Fe@BC catalyst, d, e AC-HAADF-STEM images of the CA-Fe@BC catalyst (the red circles are atomic Fe species), f 3D atom-overlapping Gaussian-function fitting maps of the rectangles area in e. g Relative atomic content of N and Fe for the CA-Fe@BC catalyst. h, i AC-HAADF-STEM images of the Fe@BC catalyst (the red circles are atomic Fe species), j 3D atom-overlapping Gaussian-function fitting maps of the rectangles area in i. k Relative atomic content of N and Fe for the CA-Fe@BC catalyst. Source data for g, k are provided as a Source Data file.