Fig. 5: Epoxidation reaction in membrane electrode assembly (MEA) reactor.

a, b Device diagram of MEA reactor. c Physical image of MEA reactor. d Overall process chart of EOPO in MEA reactor. e PO production and FEs of EOPO on Ag-V-O/GDL catalyst in MEA reactor under different catholyte solutions. f, g Effect of ion exchange membranes on electrocatalytic propylene epoxidation on Ag-V-O/GDL catalyst in MEA reactor. h Effect of propylene flow rates on electrocatalytic propylene epoxidation on Ag-V-O/GDL catalyst in MEA reactor. i Effect of current densities on electrocatalytic propylene epoxidation on Ag-V-O/GDL catalyst in MEA reactor. j Stability test of Ag-V-O/GDL for electrocatalytic propylene epoxidation at 10 mA/cm² in MEA reactor. k Comparison of electrochemical performance of EOPO in three types of electrocatalytic reactors. The electrochemical tests in MEA reactors were conducted at 35 oC. All potentials were not iR corrected. Error bars represent the standard deviation from at least three independent measurements. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.