Fig. 3: Electrochemical and interfacial characterization of Li3OCl compatibility with Li and Li3InCl6.

a Time-dependent evolution of interfacial resistance in a Li|Li3OCl|Li3InCl6|Li3OCl|Li symmetric cell. b Cross-sectional SEM micrograph of the Li3OCl|Li3InCl6 interface after 72-hour operation. c CCD determination via stepwise current polarization. d Extended galvanostatic cycling performance of the symmetric cell at 1 mA cm−2 with a capacity of 1 mAh cm−2. e ToF-SIMS analysis showing sputtering geometry (left) and three-dimensional ion distribution maps (O2−, In3+, InO+, and LiInO2+) at the Li3InCl6|Li3OCl|Li interface after 500-hour cycling (sputtering parameters: 1000 s duration, 250 × 250 μm2 area). f High-resolution XPS core-level spectra (Li 1s, O 1s, Cl 2p, and In 3d) of the cycled Li3OCl|Li3InCl6 interface, with relative peak intensities indicated by scale bars.