Fig. 4: Ldha influences the metabolism and function of trained immunity.

a–c Monocytes from Wt and Ldha^-/- mice were cultured in MM containing ¹³C-lactate (1 mM) and treated with β-glucan (5 μg/ml) for 12 hrs, followed by mass spectrometry analyzes. d Monocytes from Wt and Ldha^-/- mice were cultured in lactate media (0.5 mM glucose, 0.5 mM glutamine, and 2 mM lactate), and treated with β-glucan for 30 min, mitochondrial ATP was measured by the mtAT 1.03 probe. e Monocytes from Wt and Ldha^-/- mice were treated with or without β-glucan and lactate (1 mM) for 12 h, followed by measuring acetyl-CoA, citrate, and malate levels. f, g C57BL/6 mice were trained with or without β-glucan. Six days later, mice were infused with ¹³C-lactate for 12 hrs, followed by mass spectrometry analyzes. h, i Wt and Ldha^-/- mice were trained with or without β-glucan. Six days later, mice were infused with ¹³C-lactate for 12 hrs; monocytes were isolated and followed by mass spectrometry analyzes. All data are expressed as means ± SEMs, n = 3 mice per condition, two-way ANOVA. See also Supplementary Fig. 4.