Fig. 4: Electrochemical performance in a three-electrode configuration.

a LSV curves and b Tafel plots for Pt-RuO2, RuO2, and commercial RuO2 in 0.5 M H2SO4. c Chronopotentiometry stability at the current density of 10 mA cm−2 for Pt-RuO2, RuO2 coated on CP. Inset, chronopotentiometry stability at the current density of 10 mA cm−2 for Pt-RuO2, RuO2 coated on GCE. d LSV curves of Pt-RuO2 and RuO2 and their spent samples after 10,000th cycling test. All the electrochemical performance were measured without iR-drop compensation (R was 3.8 ± 0.05 Ω). e Time-dependent Ru ion dissolution of Pt-RuO2 and RuO2 during OER.