Fig. 5: Worker castes in honeybees induce changes in brain cell populations and gene expression profiles.

Bar plots display DEGs identified in different cell types of (a) foragers (n = 1265) and (b) nurses (n = 1016). Significance assessed by two-sided quasi-likelihood F-tests in edgeR, adjusted by Benjamini–Hochberg. DEGs were identified as genes with an absolute log2FC > 1 and an adjusted P value < 0.05. Bars indicate whether a gene is a DEG in a given cell type. Overlap of DEGs between single-cell clusters and bulk brain11,19,49 in forager (c) and nurse (d) bees. The color of each square represents the proportion of overlapping DEGs, normalized within each bulk dataset. Significance is assessed using the two-sided Fisher’s exact test. e Heatmap showing upregulated DEGs from different subclusters of cells in forager (upper) or nurse (down). Colors represent the normalized log2FC between nurses and foragers across different cell types. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.