Fig. 3: Epigraph vaccine induces cross-reactive antibody responses against swine, human, and avian IAV in swine model.

A Schematic representation of study design in swine (n = 5 pigs/group). B Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies after a single immunization against representative IAV-S isolates (top), representative human and avian IAV (bottom, left), and a summary heatmap of antibody responses (bottom, right). Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 5 pigs per group; one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons). C Serum IgG responses after a single immunization. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 5 pigs per group; one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons). D HI antibody responses after a two-dose immunization. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 5 pigs per group; one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons). E Serum IgG responses after a two-dose immunization. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 5 pigs per group; one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons). Dashed lines in (A) and (D) indicate a 50% protective titer (≥1:40; 5.32 log₂). Created in BioRender. Madapong, A. (2025) https://BioRender.com/4jxfaik.