Fig. 4: Spatial mapping of osteogenic, odontogenic, midline, fibroblastic, and perimysial markers in the E15.5 hard and soft palate regions using seqFISH.

a Gene expression patterns produced using seqFISH show Tfap2b (orange), Sox6 (magenta), Ntrk3 (yellow), Ntrk2 (green), and Krt14 (light blue) expression in the E15.5 anterior head (hard palate) region. b–i Markers for osteogenic cells: Sox6 (magenta) (b) and Sp7 (magenta) (c); odontogenic cells: Tfap2b (orange) (d) and Msx1 (orange) (e); midline cells: Pax3 (yellow) (f) and Ntrk3 (yellow) (g); fibroblastic cells: Cxcl5 (green) (h) and Ntrk2 (green) (i); and epithelial cells: Krt14 (light blue) (b-i). j Gene expression patterns produced using seqFISH show Tbx15 (green), Pax3 (yellow), Tbx18 (magenta), Krt14 (light blue), Acan (orange), and Myod1 (purple) expression in the E15.5 posterior head (soft palate) region. k–p Markers for perimysial cells: Hic1 (green) (k) and Tbx15 (green) (l); midline cells: Pax3 (yellow) (m) and Tbx22 (yellow) (n); fibroblasts: Tbx18 (magenta) (o) and Foxf1 (magenta) (p); and epithelial cells: Krt14 (light blue) (k–p). Schematic drawings indicating the orientation and section levels are shown in light blue on top of the panels. Boxed areas in a and j are enlarged in b–i and k–p, respectively. White dashed lines in a–p outline palatal shelves; white triangles in b–i and k–p point to the palatal midline. White arrows indicate positive signals in b–i, and k–p. Abbreviations: fibroblasts (f), mandible (M), midline (m), medial pterygoid muscle (MP), nasal septum (NS), odontogenic region (od), odontogenic epithelium (oe), osteogenic region (os), perimysial region (p), pterygoid plate (PP/pp), salivary gland (SG), tensor veli palatini (TVP/tvp), tongue (T). Scale bars: 100 µm in a, j, b (for b–i), and k (for k–p).