Fig. 1: Cohort characteristics and single cell profiling of human gastric ecosystem reprogrammed by H. pylori infection.

a Workflow representing the process of sample collection, single cell dissociation, separation, and scRNA-seq using the 10× platform. b Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) plot showing the annotation and color codes for major cell types in H. pylori-negative or H. pylori-positive human Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) or gastric ecosystem. c UMAP plots showing the cell origin from NP (n = 10), NT (n = 11), PP (n = 7) or PT (n = 11) samples. d Histogram showing the proportion of major cell types in each analyzed subject. e The expression of marker genes in the annotated cell types are showed by bubble heatmap. Dot size indicates fraction of expressing cells, colored based on normalized expression levels. f Boxplots showing the proportion of each major cell clusters in PBMC (Left, NP = 10, PP = 7) or gastric tissue (Right, NT = 11, PT = 11) samples. Quantitative data are shown as Mean ± SD. P values are calculated using the two-sided Wilcoxon rank sum test, and are shown in the figure panels. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001.